Impact of childhood trauma and parental socialization on at-risk mental state in non-clinical adolescents

Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the adolescents included in this study, n (%)

Characteristics		Overall sample	Controls	Low-risk	Intermediate-risk	High-risk (ARMS)	χ2/F, P value	ES, CTR
Sex	Male	333 (48.3)	221 (53.5)	95 (40.6)	9 (39.1)	8 (42.1)	11.11, 0.011a	0.127, 3.3/-2.9, -3.3/2.9
	Female	356 (51.7)	192 (46.5)	139 (59.4)	14 (60.9)	11 (57.9)
Age (years)	-	12.6 (0.7)	12.6 (0.7)	12.6 (0.7)	12.6 (0.4)	12.6 (0.7)	0.25, 0.860	0.001
School type	Public	396 (57.4)	237 (57.4)	136 (57.9)	11 (47.8)	12 (63.2)	3.13, 0.792	0.048
	Charter	277 (40.1)	168 (40.7)	91 (38.7)	11 (47.8)	7 (36.8)
	Private	17 (2.5)	8 (1.9)	8 (3.4)	1 (4.3)	0 (0)
School year	1st CSE	350 (50.7)	205 (49.6)	121 (51.5)	14 (60.9)	10 (52.6)	1.22, 0.747	0.042
	2nd CSE	340 (49.3)	208 (50.4)	114 (48.5)	9 (39.1)	9 (47.4)
Academic performance	Fail	33 (5.9)	14 (4.3)	17 (8.7)	1 (5)	1 (6.7)	11.09, 0.269	0.082
	Pass	144 (25.9)	77 (23.8)	55 (28.1)	5 (25)	7 (46.7)
	Exceptional	246 (44.3)	148 (45.7)	85 (43.4)	8 (40)	5 (33.3)
	Outstanding	132 (23.8)	85 (26.2)	39 (19.9)	6 (30)	2 (13.3)
Prior mental health follow-up	No	451 (80.8)	269 (82)	153 (78.5)	17 (85)	12 (80)	1.23, 0.753	0.047
	Yes	107 (19.2)	59 (18)	42 (21.5)	3 (15)	3 (20)
Psychiatric medication	No	537 (95.9)	313 (95.4)	190 (96.4)	20 (100)	14 (93.3)	1.44, 0.727	0.051
	Yes	23 (4.1)	15 (4.6)	7 (3.6)	0 (0)	1 (6.7)
Mental disorder	No	614 (89)	376 (91)	202 (86)	20 (87)	16 (84.2)	4.51, 0.204	0.081
	Yes	76 (11)	37 (9)	33 (14)	3 (13)	3 (15.8)
Substance consumption	No	673 (97.5)	409 (99)	224 (95.3)	23 (100)	17 (89.5)	14.37, 0.015a	0.144, 3.1/-2.7/-2.3, -3.1/2.7/2.3
	Yes	17 (2.5)	4 (1)	11 (4.7)	0 (0)	2 (10.5)
Video game addiction	No	557 (99.5)	327 (99.7)	195 (99)	20 (100)	15 (100)	1.36, 0.639	0.049
	Yes	3 (0.5)	1 (0.3)	2 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Bullying	Never	414 (75.1)	261 (80.6)	133 (68.6)	11 (57.9)	9 (64.3)	16.09, 0.015a	0.121, 3.5/-2.6, -2.1, -2.6/2.5
	Maybe	79 (14.3)	38 (11.7)	32 (16.5)	5 (26.3)	4 (28.6)
	Yes	58 (10.5)	25 (7.7)	29 (14.9)	3 (15.8)	1 (7.1)
Needs mental health care	No	459 (83)	283 (87.1)	154 (79)	13 (68.4)	9 (64.3)	12.90, 0.048a	0.108, 3, -2.7
	Maybe	57 (10.3)	24 (7.4)	26 (13.3)	4 (21.1)	3 (21.4)
	Yes	37 (6.7)	18 (5.5)	15 (7.7)	2 (10.5)	2 (14.3)

^aP < 0.05.

CSE: Compulsory secondary education; ARMS: At-risk mental state; ES: Effect size evaluated by Partial Eta Squared; CTR: Corrected typified residuals.