Meta-Analysis
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Psychiatry. Sep 19, 2025; 15(9): 107754
Published online Sep 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i9.107754
Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Ref.
Study design
Target region
Duration
Frequency
Concurrent task
Task
Task modality
Alekseichuk et al[49], 2017Within subjectFrontoparietal186OnlineN-backSpatial
Bender et al[35], 2019Within subjectParietal4OnlineDelayed match-to-sample taskSpatial
Biel et al[24], 2022Between-subject, within subjectFrontoparietal146OnlineDelayed letter recognition taskVerbal
Chander et al[50], 2016Between-subjectFrontoparietal4PersonalizedOnlineN-backVerbal
Debnath et al[36], 2024Within subjectFrontal205OnlineDelayed match-to-sample taskObjective
Draaisma et al[34], 2022Within subjectFrontoparietal30PersonalizedOnlineN-backObjective
Jaušovec and Jaušovec[25], 2014Within subjectFrontal, parietal15PersonalizedOnlineVisual-array comparison taskObjective
Jaušovec et al[33], 2014Within subjectFrontal, parietal15PersonalizedOnlineN-backVerbal
Jones et al[51], 2019Within subjectFrontoparietal154.5OnlineN-backObjective
Kleinert et al[40], 2017Within subjectFrontoparietal265OnlineDelayed match-to-sample taskSpatial
Ociepka et al[42], 2024Within subjectParietal205.5OnlineAntisaccade, recall, graph mapping taskSpatial
Pahor and Jaušovec[32], 2017Within subjectParietal, frontoparietal, frontal15PersonalizedOfflineN-backVerbal
Röhner et al[37], 2018Within subjectFrontoparietal156OfflineN-backVerbal
Tseng et al[41], 2018Within subjectParietal226OnlineChange detection taskSpatial
Violante et al[30], 2017Within subjectFrontoparietal26.56OnlineN-backVerbal
Wolinski et al[31], 2018Within subjectParietal124OnlineDelayed match-to-sample taskObjective
Xiao et al[29], 2023Within subjectFrontoparietal206OfflineDelayed match-to-sample taskSpatial
Yang et al[28], 2024Within subjectFrontal165OfflineN-backSpatial
Zeng et al[52], 2022Between-subjectFrontal208OfflineN-backVerbal
Zhang et al[53], 2022Within subjectFrontoparietal25PersonalizedOnlineSpatial forward span taskSpatial
Zhang et al[38], 2022Between-subjectFrontoparietal156OfflineN-backVerbal