Fluctuating course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across development: Multifactorial influences

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Aug 19, 2025 (publication date) through Aug 8, 2025

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Psychiatry. Aug 19, 2025; 15(8): 107780
Published online Aug 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i8.107780

Table 1 Summary of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom trajectory classifications across longitudinal studies

Ref.	Cohort details	Trajectory types
Agnew-Blais et al[9], 2016	Environmental risk longitudinal twin study (United Kingdom; n = 2232)	Persistent ADHD
		Remitted ADHD
		Late-onset ADHD
Caye et al[13], 2016	1993 Pelotas birth cohort (Brazil; n = 5249)	Persistent ADHD
		Childhood-limited ADHD
		Late-onset ADHD
Grevet et al[14], 2024	Midlife ADHD clinical cohort (Brazil; n = 323)	Stable persistence
		Unstable persistence
		Remission
Moffitt et al[15], 2015	Dunedin multidisciplinary health and development study (New Zealand; n = 1037)	Childhood-only ADHD
		Adult-only ADHD
		Persistent ADHD
Sibley et al[6], 2022	Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (United States; n = 558)	Recovered
		Stable partial remission
		Stable persistence
		Fluctuating status
Wang et al[5], 2024	Children’s school functions and brain development project (China; n = 487)	Ascending-high
		Stable-low
		Descending-medium
Carter et al[16], 2024	Millennium cohort study (United Kingdom; n = 10262)	Unaffected
		Mildly affected
		Subclinical remitting
		Adolescent onset
		Stable high

ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Citation: Zeng XW, Hu LF, Cao XL, Yang BR, Wu ZM. Fluctuating course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across development: Multifactorial influences. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(8): 107780
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i8/107780.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i8.107780