Permissive hypercapnia combined with goal-directed fluid therapy improve postoperative mental health in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery

Table 5 Sleep quality assessment

Indicator	Study group (n = 60)	Control group (n = 60)	P value
Global PSQI score (mean ± SD)	5.2 ± 1.3	7.8 ± 1.8	0.002
Postoperative morphine equivalent consumption (mg)	15.3 ± 3.2	23.6 ± 4.5	0.001
Sleep latency (minutes)	20.4 ± 5.6	30.2 ± 7.1	0.003
Total sleep time (hours)	6.8 ± 1.2	5.4 ± 1.0	0.001
Sleep efficiency (%)	85.2 ± 6.3	72.4 ± 7.8	0.001
Sleep disturbances (n)	12	24	0.004
Use of sleep medication (yes/no)	5/55	15/45	0.012
Daytime dysfunction (n)	8	18	0.015
ESS score (mean ± SD)	4.5 ± 1.2	6.8 ± 1.5	0.001

PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale.