Permissive hypercapnia combined with goal-directed fluid therapy improve postoperative mental health in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery

Table 2 Enhanced recovery indicators

Indicator	Study group (n = 60)	Control group (n = 60)	P value
Time to first flatus (hours)	48.3 ± 6.2	62.5 ± 7.8	0.002
Time to ambulation (hours)	28.4 ± 4.2	38.6 ± 5.1	0.001
Length of hospital stay (days)	5.2 ± 1.1	7.4 ± 1.3	0.003
Postoperative pain score (0-10)	3.1 ± 1.2	4.5 ± 1.5	0.004
Time to first diet (hours)	36.2 ± 5.0	48.7 ± 6.3	0.001
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (yes/no)	10/50	20/40	0.012
Postoperative infection rate (%)	5.0 ± 2.2	10.0 ± 3.1	0.021
Postoperative complications (n)	8	15	0.034
Patient satisfaction score (0-10)	8.5 ± 1.0	7.0 ± 1.2	0.001