Permissive hypercapnia combined with goal-directed fluid therapy improve postoperative mental health in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery

Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics

Characteristic	Study group (n = 60)	Control group (n = 60)	P value
Age (year), mean ± SD	71.3 ± 5.2	70.8 ± 5.5	0.65
Gender (male/female)	34/26	32/28	0.78
BMI (kg/m2)	23.5 ± 2.8	23.8 ± 2.6	0.54
ASA classification distribution	I: 10, II: 30, III: 20	I: 12, II: 32, III: 16	0.89
Tumor staging	I: 10, II: 20, III: 20, IV: 10	I: 12, II: 22, III: 18, IV: 8	0.92
Comorbidities (n)	30	28	0.73
Smoking history (yes/no)	20/40	18/42	0.81
Alcohol consumption (yes/no)	15/45	12/48	0.76
Hypertension (yes/no)	25/35	23/37	0.85
Diabetes mellitus (yes/no)	12/48	10/50	0.79
Previous surgery (yes/no)	10/50	8/52	0.71
Family history of cancer (yes/no)	15/45	13/47	0.82
Chemotherapy history (yes/no)	5/55	3/57	0.75
Radiotherapy history (yes/no)	3/57	2/58	0.83

BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists.