Cerebral hemodynamic characteristics of patients with auditory verbal hallucinations and the construction of nomogram models

doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i6.106775

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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World J Psychiatry. Jun 19, 2025; 15(6): 106775
Published online Jun 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i6.106775

Table 2 Cerebral hemodynamic indices in three groups of patients, mean ± SD

Variables	SCZ group (n = 117)	PTSD group (n = 108)	RDD group (n = 105)	F	P value
Vm-MCA	57.25 ± 10.26	56.21 ± 8.15	59.36 ± 9.16^b	3.214	0.041
Vs-MCA	88.52 ± 15.03	87.25 ± 13.64	91.26 ± 13.26^b	2.260	0.106
Vd-MCA	41.05 ± 11.63	40.55 ± 10.69	44.69 ± 8.19^ab	5.143	0.006
PI-MCA	0.81 ± 0.18	0.82 ± 0.15	0.79 ± 0.21	1.255	0.287
RI-MCA	0.55 ± 0.19	0.57 ± 0.19	0.55 ± 0.15	0.777	0.461
Vm-ACA	48.75 ± 10.82	47.65 ± 9.95	44.25 ± 10.21^a^,^b	5.597	0.004
Vs-ACA	74.36 ± 12.09	73.69 ± 10.21	71.15 ± 12.95^a	2.220	0.110
Vd-ACA	31.95 ± 9.11	32.66 ± 8.81	34.21 ± 9.47	1.764	0.173
PI-ACA	0.86 ± 0.21	0.86 ± 0.22	0.79 ± 0.32	2.043	0.131
RI-ACA	0.58 ± 0.21	0.55 ± 0.14	0.59 ± 0.15	1.764	0.173
Vm-PCA	34.21 ± 7.67	37.65 ± 6.35^a	33.32 ± 5.54^b	12.843	< 0.001
Vs-PCA	51.06 ± 8.15	54.84 ± 8.69^a	50.94 ± 7.47^b	8.102	< 0.001
Vd-PCA	22.61 ± 6.95	24.36 ± 5.58	21.33 ± 5.49^b	6.699	0.001
PI-PCA	0.80 ± 0.19	0.77 ± 0.14	0.82 ± 0.15^b	2.651	0.072
RI-PCA	0.59 ± 0.18	0.63 ± 0.18	0.63 ± 0.15	1.824	0.163
Vm-BA	35.61 ± 7.64	38.21 ± 6.65^a	35.24 ± 7.19^b	5.506	0.004
Vs-BA	55.26 ± 10.62	57.95 ± 8.65^a	54.86 ± 9.16^b	3.339	0.037
Vd-BA	22.82 ± 7.19	24.69 ± 6.17^a	22.17 ± 7.71^b	3.703	0.026
PI-BA	0.81 ± 0.21	0.76 ± 0.15	0.83 ± 0.19^b	4.323	0.014
RI-BA	0.56 ± 0.12	0.52 ± 0.15	0.58 ± 0.12^b	5.605	0.004
Vm-VA	35.61 ± 7.65	38.19 ± 6.65	40.22 ± 7.49^a^,^b	11.198	< 0.001
Vs-VA	56.85 ± 12.43	58.41 ± 10.65	59.17 ± 9.33	1.313	0.270
Vd-VA	18.21 ± 7.45	24.16 ± 7.95^a	23.27 ± 6.13^a^,^b	22.261	< 0.001
PI-VA	0.78 ± 0.17	0.73 ± 0.15^a	0.73 ± 0.14^a	4.129	0.017
RI-VA	0.58 ± 0.15	0.52 ± 0.13^a	0.54 ± 0.15	3.444	0.033

^aP < 0.05, compared to schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations group.

^bP < 0.05, compared to PTSD group.

SCZ group: Schizophrenia with auditory verbal hallucinations; PTSD group: Post-traumatic stress disorder with auditory verbal hallucinations; RDD group: Recurrent depressive disorder with auditory verbal hallucinations; Vm: Mean velocity; Vs: Peak systolic velocity; Vd: End-diastolic velocity; PI: Pulsatility index; RI: Resistance index; MCA: Middle cerebral artery; ACA: Anterior cerebral artery; PCA: Posterior cerebral artery; BA: Basilar artery; VA: Vertebral artery.

Citation: Cai ZY, Chen C, Huang ZY, Ye XW, Jin XZ, Chen HR, Sha JM. Cerebral hemodynamic characteristics of patients with auditory verbal hallucinations and the construction of nomogram models. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(6): 106775
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i6/106775.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i6.106775