Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Psychiatry. Jun 19, 2025; 15(6): 106227
Published online Jun 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i6.106227
Table 2 Comparative analysis of Dark Future Scale and General Belongingness Scale scores across demographic characteristics
Effective factor
Total GBS
Acceptance/inclusion
Rejection/exclusion
DFA
Age
    r-0.147-0.0090.1290.011
    P value0.003a0.8510.0090.827
Sex, mean ± SD
    Female64.84 ± 13.4532.35 ± 7.1215.51 ± 7.4018.96 ± 7.71
    Male60.59 ± 14.7430.75 ± 7.8918.15 ± 8.2018.53 ± 7.39
    t2.9442.091-3.310.542
    P value0.003a0.0370.001a0.584
Marital status
    Married64.84 ± 12.7532.43 ± 6.9415.58 ± 7.0518.18 ± 7.77
    Single60.34 ± 15.9330.51 ± 8.2018.16 ± 8.8520.03 ± 7.10
    t3.082.475-3.183-2.034
    P value0.002a0.0140.002a0.02
Education
    Primary school49.66 ± 19.1624.93 ± 9.3423.26 ± 10.3018.76 ± 9.23
    Secondary school62.31 ± 14.3331.21 ± 7.4516.90 ± 7.0919.43 ± 7.68
    Bachelor’s degree64.59 ± 12.2132.60 ± 6.6714.81 ± 6.7419.23 ± 7.01
    Postgraduate66.09 ± 12.8332.91 ± 7.0516.46 ± 7.7917.49 ± 7.91
    F12.35610.89710.0561.413
    P value0.000a< 0.001a< 0.001a0.238
Income status
    More than expenses67.91 ± 11.4233.96 ± 5.8614.05 ± 6.3516.39 ± 7.67
    Equals expenses63.04 ± 14.2631.74 ± 7.5216.69 ± 7.9318.43 ± 7.57
    Less than expenses60.77 ± 14.6330.42 ± 7.9217.64 ± 8.1221.02 ± 7.02
    F6.3965.5375.3739.8
    P value0.002a0.004a0.005a0.000a
Family structure
    Nuclear65.03 ± 12.5232.70 ± 6.6215.66 ± 7.1418.53 ± 7.55
    Extended61.40 ± 13.6129.97 ± 7.9016.56 ± 7.1420.43 ± 8.00
    Living alone54.26 ± 19.0024.46 ± 9.8221.19 ± 10.1219.32 ± 7.50
    F14.36113.0311.7921.169
    P value0.000a< 0.001a< 0.001a0.312
Chronic disease, mean ± SD
    Yes60.92 ± 16.0530.55 ± 8.2317.62 ± 8.6219.80 ± 7.52
    No64.21 ± 13.1532.24 ± 7.0816.02 ± 7.4318.44 ± 7.60
    t-2.1-2.0361.8410.667
    P value0.0360.0420.0660.109
Social security
    Yes63.99 ± 13.7832.08 ± 7.3116.08 ± 7.6718.61 ± 7.62
    No55.97 ± 15.0728.50 ± 8.1620.52 ± 8.0420.91 ± 7.05
    t2.992.471-3.09-1.801
    P value0.005a0.0180.004a0.079
Social activity
    Yes68.00 ± 10.4534.24 ± 5.6114.23 ± 6.1417.44 ± 7.60
    No59.73 ± 15.3729.90 ± 8.0918.16 ± 8.4819.85 ± 7.43
    F6.1156.055-5.179-3.186
    P value0.000a< 0.001a< 0.001a0.002a
Sample groups, years
    Young < 6064.05 ± 13.5131.94 ± 7.2815.88 ± 7.4818.73 ± 7.44
    Older adults ≥ 6059.46 ± 16.2030.92 ± 8.2319.46 ± 8.7419.23 ± 8.38
    t2.4291.016-3.429-0.485
    P value0.010a0.050a0.0130.216