Clinical manifestations of anxiety and depression in sepsis-associated encephalopathy and multi-omics identification of cluster of differentiation 38 as an early biomarker

Figure 3 Metabolite analysis. A: Principal component analysis plot. Each point represents a sample, with different colors indicating different groups. The closer the points are, the more similar the expression patterns of the samples; the farther apart the points are, the greater the difference in their expression patterns; B: Partial least squares discriminant analysis score plot. Each point represents a sample, with different colors indicating different groups. The closer the points are, the more similar the expression patterns of the samples; the farther apart the points are, the greater the difference in their expression patterns. The left plot represents the sepsis vs control data, and the right plot represents the sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) vs sepsis data; C: Volcano plot. The X-axis represents the log₂ fold change value, and the Y-axis represents −log10 (adjusted P value). Red points represent upregulated metabolites, blue points represent downregulated metabolites, and gray points represent metabolites with no significant expression. The left plot represents the sepsis vs control data, and the right plot represents the SAE vs sepsis data; D: Heatmap. The color represents the relative abundance of metabolites, with red indicating relatively high abundance and blue indicating relatively low abundance. Control refers to the control group, Case 1 refers to the sepsis group, and Case 2 refers to the SAE group. PCA: Principal component analysis; OPLS-DA: Partial least squares discriminant analysis; FC: Fold change.