Factors influencing anxiety and depression in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients and their impact on quality of life

Table 2 Univariate analysis of anxiety, n (%)

Variable	Without anxiety (n = 36)	Anxiety (n = 64)	P value
Age (years)			0.041
< 60	15 (41.7)	21 (32.8)
≥ 60	21 (58.3)	43 (67.2)
Sex			0.013
Male	29 (80.6)	62 (96.9)
Female	7 (19.4)	2 (3.1)
Education			< 0.001
Primary	17 (47.2)	49 (76.6)
Secondary	9 (25.1)	8 (12.5)
Senior high school	7 (19.4)	5 (7.8)
College or above	3 (8.3)	2 (3.1)
Live alone			< 0.001
Yes	19 (52.8)	50 (78.1)
No	17 (47.2)	14 (21.9)
KPS score			< 0.001
60-80	20 (55.6)	47 (73.4)
> 80	16 (44.4)	17 (26.6)
HAMA score			< 0.001
< 14	17 (47.2)	19 (29.7)
14-21	11 (30.6)	12 (18.7)
≥ 22	8 (22.2)	33 (51.6)
HAMD score			< 0.001
≤ 8	15 (41.7)	15 (23.4)
9-20	8 (22.2)	8 (12.5)
≥ 21	13 (36.1)	41 (64.1)
Previous liver resection			< 0.001
Yes	8 (22.2)	30 (46.9)
No	28 (77.8)	34 (53.1)
TACE/HAIC			< 0.001
Yes	25 (69.4)	62 (96.9)
No	11 (30.6)	2 (3.1)
BCLC stage			< 0.001
B	13 (36.1)	5 (7.8)
C	23 (63.9)	59 (92.2)
Number of tumors			< 0.001
Single	10 (27.8)	4 (6.3)
Multiple	26 (72.2)	60 (93.7)
FACT-Hep scores			< 0.001
Good	13 (36.1)	5 (7.8)
Poor	23 (63.9)	59 (92.2)
FACT-Hep scores, mean ± SD	138.7 ± 11.42	119.65 ± 10.73	0.015
Social support			< 0.001
Low support	14 (38.9)	33 (51.6)
Moderate support	8 (22.2)	20 (31.2)
High support	14 (38.9)	11 (17.2)
History of smoking			0.571
Yes	19 (52.8)	33 (51.6)
No	17 (47.2)	31 (48.4)
History of drinking			0.039
Yes	17 (47.2)	36 (56.3)
No	19 (52.8)	28 (43.7)

KPS: Karnofsky performance score; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; TACE: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; HAIC: Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; FACT-Hep: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary Questionnaire.