Factors influencing anxiety and depression in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients and their impact on quality of life

Table 1 Univariate analysis of depression, n (%)

Variable	Without depression (n = 35)	Depression (n = 65)	P value
Age (years)			0.617
< 60	15 (42.9)	29 (44.6)
≥ 60	20 (57.1)	36 (55.4)
Sex			0.253
Male	32 (91.4)	59 (90.8)
Female	3 (8.6)	6 (9.2)
Education			< 0.001
Primary	18 (51.5)	50 (76.9)
Secondary	9 (25.7)	7 (10.8)
Senior high school	6 (17.1)	5 (7.7)
College or above	2 (5.7)	3 (4.6)
Live alone			< 0.001
Yes	17 (48.6)	51 (78.5)
No	18 (51.4)	14 (21.5)
KPS score			< 0.001
60-80	19 (54.3)	48 (73.8)
> 80	16 (45.7)	17 (26.2)
HAMA score			< 0.001
< 14	17 (48.5)	19 (29.2)
14-21	11 (31.4)	12 (18.5)
≥ 22	7 (20.1)	34 (52.3)
HAMD score			< 0.001
≤ 8	15 (42.8)	20 (30.8)
9-20	8 (22.8)	8 (12.3)
≥ 21	12 (34.3)	37 (56.9)
Previous liver resection			< 0.001
Yes	8 (22.9)	30 (46.2)
No	27 (77.1)	35 (53.8)
TACE/HAIC			< 0.001
Yes	25 (71.4)	62 (95.4)
No	10 (28.6)	3 (4.6)
BCLC stage			< 0.001
B	12 (34.3)	6 (9.2)
C	23 (65.7)	59 (90.8)
Number of tumors			0.028
Single	9 (25.7)	5 (7.7)
Multiple	26 (74.3)	60 (92.3)
FACT-Hep scores			< 0.001
Good	12 (34.3)	6 (9.2)
Poor	23 (65.7)	59 (90.8)
FACT-Hep scores, mean ± SD	136.5 ± 11.36	114.62 ± 10.85	0.039
Social support			0.017
Low support	15 (42.9)	35 (53.8)
Moderate support	9 (25.7)	19 (29.2)
High support	11 (31.4)	11 (17.0)
History of smoking			0.215
Yes	16 (45.7)	35 (53.8)
No	19 (54.3)	30 (46.2)
History of drinking			0.743
Yes	20 (57.1)	40 (61.5)
No	15 (42.9)	25 (38.5)

KPS: Karnofsky performance score; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; TACE: Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization; HAIC: Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; FACT-Hep: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary Questionnaire.