Alterations of serum metabolic profile in major depressive disorder: A case-control study in the Chinese population

Table 1 Basic information of included participants

Variable	MDD patients (n = 100)	HCs (n = 97)	P value
Age (years), mean ± SD	39.07 ± 15.23	40.33 ± 6.61	0.238
Sex, n (%)			0.027
Male	44 (44.0)	28 (28.9)
Female	56 (56.0)	69 (71.1)
Education level, n (%)			0.751
Primary school	19 (19.0)	22 (22.7)
Secondary school	48 (48.0)	41 (42.3)
High school	23 (23.0)	21 (21.6)
Undergraduate or above	10 (10.0)	13 (13.4)
Drinker, n (%)	11 (11.0)	16 (16.5)	0.262
Smoker, n (%)	8 (8.0)	15 (15.5)	0.103
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD	22.21 ± 4.25	23.91 ± 2.14	0.001
HAMD-24, mean ± SD	27.14 ± 6.10	2.08 ± 1.63	< 0.001
SHAPS, mean ± SD	37.71 ± 4.97	18.33 ± 3.51	< 0.001
GAD-7, mean ± SD	19.76 ± 3.28	7.54 ± 0.93	< 0.001

HCs: Healthy controls; MDD: Major depressive disorder; BMI: Body mass index; HAMD-24: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-24 items; SHAPS: Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale.