Subsequent psychiatric disorders in attention deficit and hyperactivity children receiving speech therapy

Table 4 Incidence and adjusted hazard ratios of overall subsequent psychiatric disorders in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder children with speech and language therapy (speech and language therapy cohort) and propensity matched attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder children without speech therapy (non-speech and language therapy cohort as reference group) upon receiving different interventions for attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

Variable	ADHD children						Hazard ratio (95%CI)
	Non-ST cohort			ST cohort
	Event	PY	Rate	Event	PY	Rate
Treatment
No medication or behavioral interventions	94	9730.61	9.66	60	10754.52	5.58	0.65 (0.36-1.21)
Only ADHD medication used	76	2307.20	32.94	67	2530.55	26.48	0.54 (0.22-1.35)
Only behavioral interventions	85	3271.39	25.98	84	3549.51	23.67	1.50 (0.67-3.34)
Both medication and behavioral interventions	446	5185.40	86.01	320	6609.63	48.41	0.60 (0.45-0.79)c

^cP < 0.001.

Rate represents incidence rate (per 1000 person-years). Study and comparison subjects were matched by propensity scores. Multivariate Cox model controlled for age, gender, comorbidities, behavioral interventions, and drug used. Comorbidity included cerebral palsy, autism, hearing loss, delay development, or mental retardation. ADHD: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; ST: Speech and language therapy; PY: Person-years; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.