Subsequent psychiatric disorders in attention deficit and hyperactivity children receiving speech therapy

doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.100731

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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World J Psychiatry. May 19, 2025; 15(5): 100731
Published online May 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.100731

Table 2 Comparisons of demographics and comorbidities between attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder patients that received speech and language therapy (speech and language therapy cohort) and propensity score matched attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder patients without speech therapy (non-speech and language therapy cohort), n (%)

Variable	ADHD children propensity score matching		P value
Variable	Non-ST cohort (n = 1883)	ST cohort (n = 1883)	P value
Gender			> 0.999¹
Girls	371 (19.7)	371 (19.7)
Boys	1512 (80.3)	1512 (80.3)
Age at ADHD diagnosis (mean ± SD)	5.26 (1.58)	5.26 (1.48)	0.589²
≥ 4 years	396 (21.0)	382 (20.3)	0.573¹
> 4 years	1487 (79.0)	1501 (79.7)
Urbanization			0.555³
1 (highest)	611 (32.4)	634 (33.7)
2	512 (27.2)	504 (26.8)
3	408 (21.7)	390 (20.7)
4	208 (11.0)	212 (11.3)
5 (lowest)	144 (7.6)	143 (7.6)
Comorbidities
Cerebral palsy	86 (4.0)	73 (3.9)	0.865¹
Autism	241 (12.8)	224 (11.9)	0.375¹
Hearing loss	277 (14.7)	264 (14.0)	0.552¹
Delay development (including language or speech delay)	1321 (70.2)	1342 (71.3)	0.219¹
Mental retardation	444 (23.6)	432 (22.9)	0.638¹
Behavioral interventions			0.810¹
No	869 (46.1)	877 (46.6)
Yes	1014 (53.9)	1006 (53.4)
ADHD medication used			0.809³
None	965 (51.2)	982 (52.2)
Methylphenidate HCL (Ritalin/Concerta)	912 (48.4)	897 (47.6)
Atomoxetine (Strattera)	101 (5.4)	107 (5.7)
Used 2 types	95 (5.0)	103 (5.5)

¹P McNemar test.

²P paired t-test.

³P Wilcoxon test.

ADHD: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; ST: Speech and language therapy; HCL: Hydrochloric acid.

Citation: Tzang RF, Lin YW, Kao KL, Chang YC, Huang HC, Wu SY, Wu SI, Stewart R. Subsequent psychiatric disorders in attention deficit and hyperactivity children receiving speech therapy. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(5): 100731
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i5/100731.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.100731