Subsequent psychiatric disorders in attention deficit and hyperactivity children receiving speech therapy

doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.100731

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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World J Psychiatry. May 19, 2025; 15(5): 100731
Published online May 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.100731

Table 1 Comparisons of demographic characteristics in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder children with or without speech and language therapy before propensity matching, n (%)

Variable	ADHD children		P value
Variable	Non-ST cohort (n = 9076)	ST cohort (n = 2911)	P value
Gender			0.253¹
Girls	2031 (22.4)	622 (21.4)
Boys	7045 (77.6)	2289 (78.6)
Age at ADHD diagnosis (mean ± SD)	5.99 (1.47)	4.92 (1.54)	< 0.001²
≥ 4 years	1012 (11.2)	809 (27.8)	< 0.001¹
> 4 years	8064 (88.8)	2102 (72.2)
Urbanization			< 0.001¹
1 (highest)	3159 (34.8)	881 (30.3)
2	2525 (27.8)	753 (25.9)
3	1938 (21.4)	570 (19.6)
4	1035 (11.4)	313 (10.8)
5 (lowest)	419 (4.6)	394 (13.5)
Comorbidities
Cerebral palsy	121 (1.3)	229 (7.9)	< 0.001¹
Autism	420 (4.6)	712 (24.5)	< 0.001¹
Hearing loss	569 (6.3)	648 (22.3)	< 0.001¹
Delay development (including language or speech delay)	2729 (30.1)	2361 (81.1)	< 0.001¹
Mental retardation	1035 (11.4)	1063 (36.5)	< 0.001¹
Behavioral interventions			< 0.001¹
No	4951 (54.6)	1153 (39.6)
Yes	4125 (45.4)	1758 (60.4)
ADHD medication used			< 0.001¹
None	4481 (49.4)	1454 (49.9)
Methylphenidate HCL (Ritalin/Concerta)	4574 (50.4)	1450 (49.8)
Atomoxetine (Strattera)	391 (4.3)	184 (6.3)
Used 2 types	370 (4.1)	547 (4.6)

¹P χ² test.

²P t-test.

ADHD: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; ST: Speech and language therapy; HCL: Hydrochloric acid.

Citation: Tzang RF, Lin YW, Kao KL, Chang YC, Huang HC, Wu SY, Wu SI, Stewart R. Subsequent psychiatric disorders in attention deficit and hyperactivity children receiving speech therapy. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(5): 100731
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i5/100731.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.100731