Selecting an appropriate stress model of depression in rodents

Figure 3 Chronic social isolation model/chronic restraint stress model. A: Chronic social isolation model. This model involves subjecting experimental animals to long-term social isolation, depriving them of social interactions. This prolonged social isolation can lead to intense frustration and induce the animals to exhibit behavioral despair; B: Chronic restraint stress model. In this model, animals are chronically restrained, restricting their movements and limiting their normal behavioral expressions. This chronic restraint stress can also result in intense frustration and evoke behavioral despair in the animals.