Prospective study on the impact of parental anxiety on academic performance in children with attention deficit

doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.111663

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Prospective Study

World J Psychiatry. Dec 19, 2025; 15(12): 111663
Published online Dec 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.111663

Table 2 Multilevel models predicting academic performance over time, β (SE)

Parameter	Model 1 unconditional	Model 2 main effects	Model 3 full model
Fixed effects
Intercept	2.14 (0.07)^a	3.82 (0.24)^a	3.96 (0.28)^a
Time (6-month intervals)	0.08 (0.03)^b	0.06 (0.03)^c	0.05 (0.03)
Parental anxiety (PSI-4)	-	-0.42 (0.08)^a	-0.38 (0.09)^a
Time × parental anxiety	-	-0.04 (0.02)^c	-0.03 (0.02)
Child age	-	-	0.08 (0.04)^c
Child sex (female)	-	-	0.22 (0.10)^c
ADHD severity	-	-	-0.28 (0.07)^a
Medication use	-	-	0.18 (0.11)
Family income	-	-	0.12 (0.05)^c
Comorbid anxiety	-	-	-0.16 (0.11)
Comorbid ODD	-	-	-0.24 (0.10)^c
Random effects
Level 2 (between-person)
Intercept variance	0.48 (0.08)^a	0.36 (0.07)^a	0.28 (0.06)^a
Slope variance	0.24 (0.06)^a	0.22 (0.06)^a	0.21 (0.05)^a
Level 1 (within-person)
Residual variance	0.32 (0.04)^a	0.28 (0.03)^a	0.26 (0.03)^a
Model fit
AIC	1426.8	1398.2	1376.4
BIC	1445.3	1428.6	1436.8

^aP < 0.001.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.05.

PSI-4: Parenting Stress Index-4; ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ODD: Oppositional defiant disorder; AIC: Akaike information criterion; BIC: Bayesian information criterion.

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Citation: Jin Y, Xiao YS, Zhou P. Prospective study on the impact of parental anxiety on academic performance in children with attention deficit. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(12): 111663
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i12/111663.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.111663

Jin Y, Xiao YS, Zhou P. Prospective study on the impact of parental anxiety on academic performance in children with attention deficit. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(12): 111663 [PMID: 41357910 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.111663]

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