Risk of neurological and psychiatric diagnoses in COVID-19 survivors: A multicenter retrospective cohort study using electronic health records

doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.109680

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study

World J Psychiatry. Dec 19, 2025; 15(12): 109680
Published online Dec 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.109680

Table 2 Major outcomes for the whole coronavirus disease 2019 cohort, and for the non-coronavirus disease 2019 control cohort, n (%)

	Total (n = 8874)	Patients exposed to COVID-19 (n = 4437)	Patients never exposed to COVID-19 (n = 4437)	P value¹
Neurological disorders
Cognitive deficit				< 0.0001
Yes	483 (5.44)	350 (7.89)	133 (3.00)
No	8391 (94.55)	4087 (92.11)	4304 (97.00)
Myoneural junction				0.03
Yes	216 (2.43)	92 (2.07)	124 (2.79)
No	8658 (97.56)	4345 (97.93)	4313 (97.21)
Ischaemic stroke				0.002
Yes	344 (3.87)	200 (4.51)	144 (3.25)
No	8530 (96.12)	4237 (95.49)	4293 (96.75)
Nerve plexus disorder				< 0.0001
Yes	1964 (22.13)	1075 (24.23)	889 (20.04)
No	6910 (77.86)	3362 (75.77)	3548 (24.23)
Insomnia
Yes	884 (9.96)	574 (12.94)	310 (6.99)	< 0.0001
No	7990 (90.03)	3863 (87.06)	4127 (93.01)
Parkinsonism				0.08
Yes	196 (2.21)	110 (2.48)	86 (1.94)
No	8678 (97.79)	4327 (97.52)	4351 (98.06)
Substance use disorder				0.06
Yes	58 (0.65)	36 (0.81)	22 (0.50)
No	8816 (99.34)	4401 (99.19)	4415 (99.50)
Intracranial hemorrhage				0.23
Yes	213 (2.4)	98 (2.21)	115 (2.59)
No	8661 (97.6)	4339 (97.79)	4322 (97.41)
Guillain-Barré syndrome				0.63
Yes	39 (0.44)	18 (0.41)	21 (0.47)
No	8835 (99.56)	4419 (99.59)	4416 (99.53)
Epilepsy				< 0.0001
Yes	2723 (30.68)	1080 (24.34)	1643 (37.03)
No	6151 (96.31)	3357 (75.66)	2794 (62.97)
Encephalopathy				0.52
Yes	86 (0.96)	46 (1.04)	40 (0.90)
No	8788 (99.03)	4397 (98.96)	4391 (99.10)
Dementia				< 0.0001
Yes	481 (5.42)	367 (8.27)	114 (2.57)
No	8394 (94.57)	4070 (91.73)	4323 (97.43)
Psychiatric disorders
Mood disorder				< 0.0001
Yes	2123 (23.92)	1149 (25.90)	974 (21.95)
No	6751 (76.07)	3288 (74.10)	3463 (78.05)
Psychotic disorder				0.05
Yes	382 (4.3)	172 (3.88)	210 (4.73)
No	8492 (95.69)	4265 (96.12)	4227 (95.27)
Anxiety disorder
Yes	259 (2.92)	139 (3.13)	120 (2.70)
No	8615 (97.08)	4298 (96.87)	4317 (97.30)

¹χ² test and Fisher’s exact test for frequency less than 30.

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.

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Citation: Ramadan M, Malaka L, Ghabrah R, Sulimani A, Aljadani F, Al Dosari L, Alsiary R. Risk of neurological and psychiatric diagnoses in COVID-19 survivors: A multicenter retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(12): 109680
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i12/109680.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.109680

Ramadan M, Malaka L, Ghabrah R, Sulimani A, Aljadani F, Al Dosari L, Alsiary R. Risk of neurological and psychiatric diagnoses in COVID-19 survivors: A multicenter retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(12): 109680 [PMID: 41357944 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.109680]

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