Risk of neurological and psychiatric diagnoses in COVID-19 survivors: A multicenter retrospective cohort study using electronic health records

Table 1 Baseline characteristics for the coronavirus disease 2019 cohort and control cohort (n = 8874), n (%)

	Patients exposed to COVID-191 (n = 4437)	Patients never exposed to COVID-19 (n = 4437)	P value2
Age (mean)	49.91	46.02	0.0093
Gender
Male	1946 (43.86)	1946 (43.86)
Female	2491 (56.14)	2491 (56.14)
Hospital region
Western region	1468 (33.08)	1468 (33.08)
Eastern region	522 (11.76)	522 (11.76)
Central region	2402 (54.13)	2402 (54.13)
Northern region	42 (0.94)	42 (0.94)
Southern region	3 (0.06)	3 (0.06)
Comorbidities
Type 1 diabetes			< 0.0001
Yes	119 (2.68)	62 (1.40)
No	4318 (97.32)	4375 (98.60)
Type 2 diabetes			< 0.0001
Yes	1394 (31.42)	706 (15.91)
No	3043 (68.58)	3731 (84.09)
Obesity and overweight			< 0.0001
Yes	442 (9.96)	221 (4.98)
No	3995 (90.04)	4216 (95.02)
Hypertension			< 0.0001
Yes	1551 (34.96)	724 (16.32)
No	2886 (65.04)	3713 (83.68)
Heart diseases			< 0.0001
Yes	714 (16.09)	263 (5.93)
No	3723 (83.91)	4174 (94.07)
Cancers			< 0.0001
Yes	313 (7.05)	167 (3.76)
No	4124 (92.95)	4270 (96.24)
Chronic kidney disease			< 0.0001
Yes	402 (9.06)	131 (2.95)
No	4035 (90.94)	4306 (97.05)
Chronic liver disease			< 0.0001
Yes	177 (3.99)	67 (1.51)
No	4260 (96.01)	4370 (98.49)
Systemic lupus erythematosus			0.04
Yes	30 (0.68)	16 (0.36)
No	4407 (99.32)	4421 (99.64)
Chronic lower respiratory diseases			< 0.0001
Yes	1228 (27.68)	537 (12.1)
No	3209 (72.32)	3900 (87.9)
Disorders in immune mechanism			0.01
Yes	22 (0.50)	8 (0.18)
No	4415 (99.50)	4429 (99.82)
Psoriasis			0.0002
Yes	57 (1.28)	24 (0.54)
No	4380 (98.72)	4413 (99.46)

¹Coronavirus disease 2019 infection by years; 2020 (613; 13.82%), 2021 (2514; 56.66%), 2022 (1289; 29.05%), 2023 (21; 0.47%).

²χ² test and Fisher’s exact test for frequency less than 30.

³t-test was used to examine the numeric normally distributed age.

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.