Targeted exercise interventions on stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders in PhD students

Table 3 Analysis of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index

Measurement	mean ± SD		Cohen’s d	Mean difference (95%CI)	P values
	Targeted exercise	Tai Chi			Group effect	Time effect	Interaction effect
ESS
Baseline	11.81 ± 1.87	11.50 ± 1.88	0.16	0.31 (-0.63 to 1.26)	0.001	0.001	0.001
8 weeks	6.81 ± 1.40	10.38 ± 1.21	-2.73	-3.56 (-4.20 to-2.94)
12 weeks	9.25 ± 1.37	10.93 ± 1.29	-1.26	-1.69 (-2.32 to -0.98)
ISI
Baseline	17.69 ± 1.33	17.44 ± 1.72	0.16	0.25 (-0.51 to 0.99)	0.001	0.001	0.009
8 weeks	10.66 ± 1.29	12.78 ± 1.58	-1.47	-2.13 (-2.87 to -1.42)
12 weeks	11.63 ± 1.49	15.03 ± 1.59	-2.21	-3.41 (-4.19 to -2.66)
PSQI
Baseline	11.16 ± 1.46	11.09 ± 1.51	0.05	0.06 (-0.65 to 0.87)	0.001	0.001	0.019
8 weeks	5.97 ± 1.59	8.97 ± 1.53	-1.92	-3.00 (-3.75 to -2.53)
12 weeks	6.56 ± 1.46	10.84 ± 1.63	-2.77	-4.28 (-5.06 to -3.59)

CI: Confidence interval; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; ISI: Insomnia Severity Index; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.