Targeted exercise interventions on stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders in PhD students

Table 2 Baseline demographic characteristics, n (%)

Characteristic	Targeted exercise	Tai Chi	χ2/t	P value
Sex
Female	20 (62.50)	17 (53.13)	0.577	0.631
Male	12 (37.50)	15 (46.87)
Age (year), mean ± SD	30.16 ± 1.97	30.19 ± 2.05	-0.062	0.951
Smoking
Yes	21 (65.63)	18 (56.25)	0.591	0.442
No	11 (34.37)	14 (43.75)
Doctoral stage
Year 2	9 (28.13)	8 (25.00)	0.296	0.874
Year 3	12 (37.50)	11 (34.37)
Year 4	11 (34.37)	13 (40.63)
BMI, mean ± SD	24.38 ± 3.26	24.34 ± 2.84	0.041	0.967
Drinking
Drinking	22 (68.75)	19 (59.38)	0.611	0.434
Never	10 (31.25)	13 (40.62)
PSQI, mean ± SD	11.16 ± 1.46	11.09 ± 1.51	0.168	0.867
GAD-7, mean ± SD	14.03 ± 1.33	14.00 ± 1.32	0.094	0.925
PSS, mean ± SD	28.94 ± 1.85	28.34 ± 2.03	1.225	0.225

BMI: Body mass index; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale.