Psychocardiological impact of depression on medication adherence, ventricular function, and readmission in heart failure: A retrospective cohort study

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World Journal of Psychiatry

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2220-3206

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Retrospective Cohort Study

World J Psychiatry. Dec 19, 2025; 15(12): 109437
Published online Dec 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.109437

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of heart failure patients with depression, mean ± SD, % (n/total)

Variables	Total (n = 160)	No/mild depression (n = 100)	Moderate/severe depression (n = 60)	Test statistic	P value
Age, years	75 ± 9	73 ± 5	78 ± 9	t = 2.04	0.045
Male	63.1 (101/160)	40.0 (40/100)	23.3 (14/60)	χ² = 5.3	0.021
BMI, kg/m²	25 ± 3	25 ± 3	24 ± 3	t = 0.99	0.322
Heart rate, bpm	82 ± 14	80 ± 13	86 ± 15	t = 2.06	0.041
Systolic bp, mmHg	118 ± 16	120 ± 15	115 ± 17	t = 1.84	0.067
Diastolic bp, mmHg	71 ± 10	72 ± 9	69 ± 11	t = 1.56	0.119
NYHA class II	23.8 (38/160)	31.0 (31/100)	11.7 (7/60)	χ² = 4.6	0.032
NYHA class III	19.4 (31/160)	22.0 (22/100)	15.0 (9/60)	χ² = 1.5	0.217
NYHA class IV	9.4 (15/160)	8.0 (8/100)	11.7 (7/60)	χ² = 4.3	0.039
Coronary artery disease	51.9 (83/160)	38.0 (38/100)	13.3 (8/60)	χ² = 5.0	0.026
Prior myocardial infarction	38.1 (61/160)	27.0 (27/100)	11.7 (7/60)	χ² = 3.9	0.048
Diabetes mellitus	40.0 (64/160)	25.0 (25/100)	15.0 (9/60)	χ² = 3.2	0.072
Hypertension	61.3 (98/160)	44.0 (44/100)	16.7 (10/60)	χ² = 4.4	0.035
Hyperlipidemia	36.3 (58/160)	26.0 (26/100)	10.0 (6/60)	χ² = 4.1	0.043
Low education level	45.0 (72/160)	28.0 (28/100)	16.7 (10/60)	χ² = 3.8	0.038
Divorced/separated	21.9 (35/160)	10.0 (10/100)	11.7 (7/60)	χ² = 4.2	0.042
Etiology of CHF: Ischemic	60.0 (96/160)	45.0 (45/100)	15.0 (9/60)	χ² = 5.7	0.018

BMI: Body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association; CHF: Congestive heart failure.

Citation: Mao FG, Tang YL, Wang XY, Jin X, Fan JY. Psychocardiological impact of depression on medication adherence, ventricular function, and readmission in heart failure: A retrospective cohort study. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(12): 109437
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3206/full/v15/i12/109437.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.109437

Mao FG, Tang YL, Wang XY, Jin X, Fan JY. Psychocardiological impact of depression on medication adherence, ventricular function, and readmission in heart failure: A retrospective cohort study. World J Psychiatry 2025; 15(12): 109437 [PMID: 41357921 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.109437]

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