Sleep quality in bipolar disorder: A comparative study of treatment with lithium and valproic acid

Table 2 Differences in sleep quality between lithium or valproic acid treated bipolar disorder patients, mean ± SD

All Patients (n = 113)	Lithium (n = 78)	Valproic acid (n = 52)	F	P value
Pittsburgh sleep quality index total	6.91 ± 3.54	8.13 ± 4.38	2.553	0.114
Subjective sleep quality	0.84 ± 0.56	1.07 ± 0.76	1.921	0.169
Sleep latency	1.57 ± 1.21	1.65 ± 1.18	0.240	0.625
Sleep duration	0.33 ± 0.67	0.53 ± 0.89	3.073	0.082
Habitual sleep efficiency	0.47 ± 0.65	0.78 ± 0.87	7.035	0.009
Sleep disturbances	1.26 ± 0.57	1.61 ± 0.84	8.084	0.005
Use of sleep medication	1.66 ± 1.48	1.53 ± 1.48	0.379	0.539
Daytime drowsiness	0.74 ± 1.02	0.92 ± 1.15	0.903	0.344

ANCOVA analyses were adjusted for covariates, with age and sex, body mass index included for most variables. P < 0.05 statistically significant (bold values).