Cognitive impairment and pain in depression: The mediating role of the kynurenine pathway

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics in the with- and without painful physical symptoms groups, n (%)

Variable	With PPS group (n = 33)	Without PPS group (n = 37)	t/z/χ2 value	P value
Sex (female/male)	16/17	23/14	1.322	0.250
Age (years)	32.61 ± 13.15	32.35 ± 13.02	-0.312	0.755
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23.99 ± 2.97	23.41 ± 4.30	-1.553	0.120
Education (years)	13.67 ± 3.28	14.27 ± 3.07	-0.756	0.450
Age of onset	27.21 ± 12.23	28.35 ± 13.60	-0.053	0.958
Hamilton Depression Scale	23.56 ± 7.42	19.54 ± 6.02	-2.052	0.040
Hamilton Anxiety Scale	20.52 ± 9.37	14.30 ± 6.72	-3.156	0.002
Short-form of McGill pain questionnaire	18.00 ± 12.56	N/A
Visual analog scale	4.85 ± 1.79	N/A
Medication			0.165	0.983
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors	20 (60)	23 (62)
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors	9 (27)	9 (24)
Other antidepressants	6 (18)	8 (22)
Antipsychotics	3 (9)	3 (8)
Mood stabilizers	15 (45)	18 (49)

N/A: Not applicable; PPS: Painful physical symptoms.