Association between childhood maltreatment with subthreshold depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder in young and middle-aged adults

Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants, n (%)

	Overall (n = 3209)	Non-depressed (n = 143)	SDS (n = 1524)	MDD (n = 1542)	P value1
Demographic characteristics
Age (years)2	33.6 ± 10.2	37.2 ± 10.4	38.5 ± 10.1	28.4 ± 7.4	< 0.001
Age group					< 0.001
18-44 years	2680 (83.5)	110 (76.9)	1096 (71.9)	1474 (95.6)
45-59 years	529 (16.5)	33 (23.1)	428 (28.1)	68 (4.4)
Gender					< 0.001
Male	1089 (34.0)	34 (23.8)	583 (38.3)	472 (30.6)
Female	2118 (66.0)	109 (76.2)	939 (61.7)	1070 (69.4)
Missing data	2	0	2	0
Marital status					< 0.001
Single	1498 (47.1)	49 (34.3)	449 (29.5)	1000 (66.0)
Married	1541 (48.5)	89 (62.2)	1017 (66.9)	435 (28.7)
Divorce/widowed	139 (4.4)	5 (3.5)	54 (3.6)	80 (5.3)
Missing data	31	0	4	27
Education					< 0.001
Below undergraduate	1574 (49.2)	72 (50.3)	826 (54.5)	676 (43.9)
Undergraduate or above	1624 (50.8)	71 (49.7)	691 (45.5)	862 (56.1)
Missing data	11	0	7	4
Employed status					0.050
Employed	2667 (83.4)	114 (79.7)	1290 (85.0)	1263 (82.2)
Un-employed	530 (16.6)	29 (20.3)	227 (15.0)	274 (17.8)
Missing data	12	0	7	5
Family income					< 0.001
< 20000¥	2205 (71.1)	119 (83.2)	1134 (74.7)	952 (66.0)
≥ 20000¥	898 (28.9)	24 (16.8)	383 (25.3)	491 (34.0)
Missing data	106	0	7	99
Health status and behavioral habits
Chronic disease					< 0.001
No	899 (28.1)	27 (18.9)	381 (25.0)	491 (32.1)
Yes	2299 (71.9)	116 (81.1)	1143 (75.0)	1040 (67.9)
Missing data	11	0	0	11
Smoking					< 0.001
No	1099 (34.4)	27 (18.9)	418 (27.5)	654 (42.6)
Yes	2100 (65.6)	116 (81.1)	1104 (72.5)	880 (57.4)
Missing data	10	0	2	8
Drinking					< 0.001
No	2374 (74.1)	84 (58.7)	975 (64.1)	1315 (85.5)
Yes	829 (25.9)	59 (41.3)	547 (35.9)	223 (14.5)
Missing data	6	0	2	4
Exercise habit per week (at least 1 time and ≥ 30 minutes)					< 0.001
No	2060 (64.5)	84 (59.2)	867 (57.0)	1109 (72.3)
Yes	1135 (35.5)	58 (40.8)	653 (43.0)	424 (27.7)
Missing data	14	1	4	9
PHQ-9	13.1 ± 7.3	1.6 ± 1.4	8.7 ± 4.5	18.4 ± 5.5	< 0.001

¹T-tests were used for continuous variables.

²Data are presented as the mean ± SD.

χ² tests were used for categorical variables. SDS: Subthreshold depressive symptoms; MDD: Major depressive disorder; PHQ-9: Patient Health Quetionaire-9.