Efficacy of abdominal vibration technique in Tuina in reducing depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with prediabetes

Table 4 Changes in oxidative stress and inflammatory markers from baseline to 12 months

Parameter	Group	Baseline	6 months	12 months	P value (within group)	P value (between groups)
Cysteine-C (mg/L)	Low-frequency	0.92 ± 0.18	0.86 ± 0.16	0.81 ± 0.15	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	0.93 ± 0.19	0.83 ± 0.15	0.76 ± 0.14	< 0.001
	High-frequency	0.91 ± 0.17	0.78 ± 0.14	0.70 ± 0.12	< 0.001
Beta-2-microglobulin (mg/L)	Low-frequency	1.98 ± 0.41	1.85 ± 0.38	1.76 ± 0.35	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	2.01 ± 0.44	1.82 ± 0.36	1.69 ± 0.33	< 0.001
	High-frequency	1.95 ± 0.39	1.73 ± 0.34	1.58 ± 0.30	< 0.001
Malondialdehyde (nmol/mL)	Low-frequency	5.27 ± 1.23	4.82 ± 1.15	4.53 ± 1.07	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	5.34 ± 1.29	4.67 ± 1.12	4.28 ± 1.03	< 0.001
	High-frequency	5.21 ± 1.18	4.38 ± 1.05	3.92 ± 0.94	< 0.001
Total antioxidant capacity (U/mL)	Low-frequency	9.84 ± 2.63	10.95 ± 2.84	11.68 ± 3.02	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	9.78 ± 2.59	11.36 ± 2.92	12.47 ± 3.19	< 0.001
	High-frequency	9.91 ± 2.68	12.05 ± 3.13	13.85 ± 3.48	< 0.001
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L)	Low-frequency	3.14 ± 1.52	2.78 ± 1.36	2.53 ± 1.25	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	3.19 ± 1.57	2.65 ± 1.31	2.31 ± 1.18	< 0.001
	High-frequency	3.08 ± 1.48	2.42 ± 1.23	2.05 ± 1.09	< 0.001
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (pg/mL)	Low-frequency	12.67 ± 3.98	11.34 ± 3.62	10.52 ± 3.41	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	12.78 ± 4.05	10.89 ± 3.53	9.84 ± 3.26	< 0.001
	High-frequency	12.51 ± 3.89	10.12 ± 3.31	8.95 ± 3.05	< 0.001
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)	Low-frequency	3.28 ± 1.21	2.87 ± 1.08	2.61 ± 0.98	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	3.34 ± 1.25	2.75 ± 1.04	2.42 ± 0.92	< 0.001
	High-frequency	3.22 ± 1.17	2.54 ± 0.96	2.18 ± 0.83	< 0.001

Values are presented as mean ± SD. P value (within group): Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing changes over time within each group. P value (between groups): One-way ANOVA comparing changes from baseline to 12 months between groups.