Efficacy of abdominal vibration technique in Tuina in reducing depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with prediabetes

Table 3 Changes in glycemic and insulin parameters from baseline to 12 months

Parameter	Group	Baseline	3 months	6 months	12 months	P value (within group)	P value (between groups)
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	Low-frequency	6.38 ± 0.42	6.19 ± 0.39	5.97 ± 0.36	5.82 ± 0.35	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	6.41 ± 0.39	6.12 ± 0.37	5.84 ± 0.34	5.65 ± 0.32	< 0.001
	High-frequency	6.35 ± 0.41	5.98 ± 0.35	5.67 ± 0.31	5.43 ± 0.29	< 0.001
2-hour postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	Low-frequency	9.23 ± 1.15	8.87 ± 1.08	8.42 ± 0.98	8.12 ± 0.93	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	9.17 ± 1.09	8.65 ± 1.02	8.09 ± 0.92	7.69 ± 0.86	< 0.001
	High-frequency	9.31 ± 1.18	8.43 ± 0.97	7.76 ± 0.85	7.44 ± 0.81	< 0.001
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)	Low-frequency	6.14 ± 0.32	6.03 ± 0.30	5.89 ± 0.28	5.81 ± 0.27	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	6.17 ± 0.29	5.98 ± 0.28	5.79 ± 0.26	5.69 ± 0.25	< 0.001
	High-frequency	6.11 ± 0.31	5.87 ± 0.27	5.67 ± 0.24	5.60 ± 0.23	< 0.001
Fasting insulin (μIU/mL)	Low-frequency	14.76 ± 5.21	13.92 ± 4.95	12.87 ± 4.63	12.15 ± 4.38	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	14.92 ± 5.38	13.61 ± 4.87	12.32 ± 4.45	11.47 ± 4.12	< 0.001
	High-frequency	14.58 ± 5.12	12.93 ± 4.62	11.51 ± 4.18	10.68 ± 3.87	< 0.001
2-hour postprandial insulin (μIU/mL)	Low-frequency	78.45 ± 25.73	73.21 ± 24.15	67.14 ± 22.26	63.54 ± 21.08	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	79.18 ± 26.41	71.47 ± 23.84	64.25 ± 21.58	59.46 ± 19.87	< 0.001
	High-frequency	77.69 ± 24.93	68.35 ± 22.31	60.42 ± 19.75	55.13 ± 18.02	< 0.001
Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance	Low-frequency	4.17 ± 1.48	3.82 ± 1.36	3.41 ± 1.22	3.14 ± 1.12	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	4.23 ± 1.52	3.68 ± 1.33	3.19 ± 1.15	2.87 ± 1.03	< 0.001
	High-frequency	4.09 ± 1.43	3.42 ± 1.24	2.89 ± 1.05	2.57 ± 0.93	< 0.001

Values are presented as mean ± SD. P value (within group): Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing changes over time within each group. P value (between groups): One-way ANOVA comparing changes from baseline to 12 months between groups.