Efficacy of abdominal vibration technique in Tuina in reducing depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with prediabetes

Table 2 Changes in psychological parameters from baseline to 12 months

Parameter	Group	Baseline	3 months	6 months	12 months	P value (within group)	P value (between groups)
Beck Depression Inventory-II	Low-frequency	15.82 ± 5.73	13.54 ± 5.12	10.98 ± 4.58	9.27 ± 4.11	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	16.04 ± 5.91	12.87 ± 4.98	9.73 ± 4.21	7.82 ± 3.76	< 0.001
	High-frequency	15.69 ± 5.62	11.25 ± 4.65	8.17 ± 3.82	6.46 ± 3.42	< 0.001
STAI-State	Low-frequency	41.35 ± 8.67	37.62 ± 7.95	34.18 ± 7.32	31.94 ± 6.87	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	41.73 ± 8.94	36.41 ± 7.73	32.29 ± 6.95	29.53 ± 6.41	< 0.001
	High-frequency	40.98 ± 8.42	34.75 ± 7.38	30.12 ± 6.51	27.24 ± 6.03	< 0.001
STAI-Trait	Low-frequency	43.19 ± 9.25	40.57 ± 8.81	37.84 ± 8.23	35.92 ± 7.94	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	43.58 ± 9.44	39.82 ± 8.67	36.31 ± 7.89	33.75 ± 7.41	< 0.001
	High-frequency	42.87 ± 9.13	38.14 ± 8.32	34.52 ± 7.65	31.38 ± 7.12	< 0.001
Perceived Stress Scale	Low-frequency	19.85 ± 5.37	17.43 ± 4.98	14.89 ± 4.51	13.25 ± 4.18	< 0.001	< 0.001
	Medium-frequency	20.12 ± 5.49	16.78 ± 4.85	13.61 ± 4.32	11.84 ± 3.96	< 0.001
	High-frequency	19.67 ± 5.28	15.41 ± 4.63	11.92 ± 4.05	9.28 ± 3.72	< 0.001

Values are presented as mean ± SD. P value (within group): Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) comparing changes over time within each group. P value (between groups): One-way ANOVA comparing changes from baseline to 12 months between groups. STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.