Efficacy of abdominal vibration technique in Tuina in reducing depression, anxiety, and stress in patients with prediabetes

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants

Characteristic	Low-frequency group (n = 40)	Medium-frequency group (n = 40)	High-frequency group (n = 40)	P value
Demographic and clinical characteristics
Age (years)	52.4 ± 8.7	53.1 ± 9.2	51.8 ± 8.5	0.814
Sex (male/female)	18/22	19/21	17/23	0.925
Body mass index (kg/m²)	26.8 ± 3.6	27.1 ± 3.9	26.5 ± 3.4	0.763
Waist circumference (cm)	92.4 ± 10.2	93.1 ± 11.5	91.8 ± 9.8	0.842
Duration of prediabetes (months)	18.7 ± 10.3	19.5 ± 11.2	17.9 ± 9.5	0.789
Glycemic parameters
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	6.38 ± 0.42	6.41 ± 0.39	6.35 ± 0.41	0.810
2-hour postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	9.23 ± 1.15	9.17 ± 1.09	9.31 ± 1.18	0.847
Glycosylated hemoglobin (%)	6.14 ± 0.32	6.17 ± 0.29	6.11 ± 0.31	0.688
Insulin parameters
Fasting insulin (μIU/mL)	14.76 ± 5.21	14.92 ± 5.38	14.58 ± 5.12	0.957
2-hour postprandial insulin (μIU/mL)	78.45 ± 25.73	79.18 ± 26.41	77.69 ± 24.93	0.968
Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance	4.17 ± 1.48	4.23 ± 1.52	4.09 ± 1.43	0.910
Oxidative stress markers
Cysteine-C (mg/L)	0.92 ± 0.18	0.93 ± 0.19	0.91 ± 0.17	0.873
Beta-2-microglobulin (mg/L)	1.98 ± 0.41	2.01 ± 0.44	1.95 ± 0.39	0.804
Malondialdehyde (nmol/mL)	5.27 ± 1.23	5.34 ± 1.29	5.21 ± 1.18	0.886
Total antioxidant capacity (U/mL)	9.84 ± 2.63	9.78 ± 2.59	9.91 ± 2.68	0.975
Inflammatory markers
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L)	3.14 ± 1.52	3.19 ± 1.57	3.08 ± 1.48	0.947
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (pg/mL)	12.67 ± 3.98	12.78 ± 4.05	12.51 ± 3.89	0.953
Interleukin-6 (pg/mL)	3.28 ± 1.21	3.34 ± 1.25	3.22 ± 1.17	0.901
Psychological parameters
Beck Depression Inventory-II score	15.82 ± 5.73	16.04 ± 5.91	15.69 ± 5.62	0.959
STAI-State score	41.35 ± 8.67	41.73 ± 8.94	40.98 ± 8.42	0.928
STAI-Trait score	43.19 ± 9.25	43.58 ± 9.44	42.87 ± 9.13	0.952
Perceived Stress Scale score	19.85 ± 5.37	20.12 ± 5.49	19.67 ± 5.28	0.924

Values are presented as mean ± SD or frequencies. STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.