Depression and anxiety in patients with endometriosis-associated chronic pain: Neuroimmune mechanisms mediated by inflammatory factors

Table 3 Serum levels of inflammatory markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor

Biomarker	All participants (n = 200)	With depression (n = 85)	Without depression (n = 115)	P value	With anxiety (n = 102)	Without anxiety (n = 98)	P value
IL-6 (pg/mL), median (IQR)	2.8 (1.6-4.7)	3.9 (2.4–6.1)	2.1 (1.4-3.5)	< 0.001	3.6 (2.1-5.8)	2.2 (1.4-3.6)	< 0.001
IL-1β (pg/mL), median (IQR)	0.9 (0.5-1.6)	1.3 (0.7-2.1)	0.7 (0.4-1.2)	< 0.001	1.2 (0.6-1.9)	0.7 (0.4-1.2)	< 0.001
TNF-α (pg/mL), median (IQR)	3.4 (2.1-5.3)	4.6 (2.8-6.5)	2.7 (1.8-4.2)	< 0.001	4.2 (2.6-6.1)	2.8 (1.8-4.4)	<0.001
CRP (mg/L), median (IQR)	2.6 (1.3-5.1)	3.8 (1.9-6.7)	1.9 (1.0-3.8)	< 0.001	3.4 (1.7-6.2)	2.0 (1.1-3.9)	< 0.001
BDNF (ng/mL), mean ± SD	24.3 ± 8.4	20.7 ± 7.6	26.9 ± 8.0	< 0.001	21.4 ± 7.8	27.3 ± 8.1	< 0.001

IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; IQR: Interquartile range; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; CRP: C-reactive protein; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor.