Roles of genetic and environmental factors in psychiatric comorbidities among children with neurodevelopmental delays

Table 2 Association between genetic variants and psychiatric comorbidities in children with neurodevelopmental delays

Genetic pathway	Genes	Associated psychiatric comorbidity	OR (95%CI)	P value
Glutamatergic signaling	GRIN2A, GRIN2B, SHANK3	Anxiety disorders	3.8 (1.7-8.5)	0.001
Dopaminergic system	DRD4, DAT1, COMT	ADHD	4.2 (1.9-9.3)	< 0.001
Serotonergic system	SLC6A4, TPH2, HTR1A	Mood disorders	3.1 (1.4-6.9)	0.006
Synaptic function	NRXN1, NLGN3, NLGN4	Behavioral disorders	3.5 (1.5-8.1)	0.003
Synaptic function	NRXN1, NLGN3, NLGN4	Anxiety disorders	2.9 (1.3-6.4)	0.008
Chromatin remodeling	CHD8, ARID1B	Behavioral disorders	2.7 (1.2-6.1)	0.018
Calcium signaling	CACNA1C, CACNA1H	Mood disorders	3.3 (1.3-8.2)	0.012

CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.