Classification of musical hallucinations and the characters along with neural-molecular mechanisms of musical hallucinations associated with psychiatric disorders

Table 2 Demographic characters of the subjects with musical hallucination associated psychiatric disorders

Psychiatric diagnosis1	Case number2	Sex	Age in years, mean ± SD3 (range)
Psychosis NOS/schizophrenia	40	Male = 6, female = 18, unknown = 16	71.7 ± 19.7 (20-89)
MDD	26	Male = 8, female = 17, unknown = 1	66.9 ± 11.5 (35-88)
Dementia	10	Male = 2, female = 8, unknown = 0	57.2 ± 18.7 (24-82)
ADHD	2	Male = 2, female = 0, unknown = 0	23, 40
Anxiety	2	Male = 0, female = 2, unknown = 0	78, 85
OCD	2	Male = 0, female = 1, unknown = 1	75
Adjustment disorder	1	Male = 0, female = 1, unknown = 0	57
Bipolar	1	Male = 0, female = 1, unknown = 0	66
Borderline personality	1	Male = 1; female = 0, unknown = 0	Unknown
Total number	85	Male = 19, female = 48, unknown = 18	67.1 ± 16.5 (20-89)

¹The different psychiatric diagnoses associated with musical hallucination (MH), totally 85 subjects from our sample pool can be classified into 9 subgroups according to their psychiatric diagnosis [attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, adjustment disorder, anxiety, bipolar, borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder dementia, major depressive disorder (MDD), psychosis NOS/schizophrenia].

²The MH subject numbers who are experiencing mental illness. For the groups of MDD, dementia and psychosis NOS/schizophrenia, multiple cases were reported.

³The ages, the means, the SD and the distribution of the age ranges (inside bracket) of the MH subjects with associated psychiatric disorders.

OCD: Obsessive-compulsive disorder; ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; MDD: Major depressive disorder.