Metabolic complications of psychotropic medications in psychiatric disorders: Emerging role of de novo lipogenesis and therapeutic consideration

Table 2 Effect of psychotropic medications on the markers of de novo lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis and metabolic abnormalities in patients with psychiatric disorders

Parameters	Antipsychotic drugs	Antidepressants
De novo lipogenesis (markers)
SFAs	Increased[36,39]	Increased[58,61]
MUFAs	Increased[36,39]	Increased[58,61]
PUFAs1	Increased[36,39]	Increased[58,61]
Gluconeogenesis (precursors)
Lactate	Increased[125,126]	Decreased[128]
Citrate	Increased[129]	?
Pyruvate	Increased[129]	Increased[128]
Glutamate	Increased[129,130]	Increased[128]
Metabolic abnormalities
Blood glucose	Increased[72,121]	Increased[122,131]
IR/insulin level2	Increased[55,133]	Increased[65,74,75]
Triglycerides	Increased[8,55,56,72]	Increased[122]
Obesity (BMI)	Increased[8,55,72]	Increased[31,32,122]
Leptin	Increased[57,87]	Increased[132]
Adiponectin	Increased[55,89]	No change[65,134]
Resistin	Increased[55,89]	Reduced[134]
Diabetes	Increased[8,55,72]	Increased[5,65,74,135]
NAFLD	Increased[7,97,123]	Increase[95,96]

¹Polyunsaturated fatty acids are obtained through the diet, they are not synthesized via de novo lipogenesis in the body.

²Insulin resistance is a positively and strongly associated with de novo lipogenesis.

SFAs: Saturated fatty acids; MUFAs: Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFAs: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; IR: Insulin resistance; BMI: Body mass index; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.