Delayed improvements in visual memory task performance among chronic schizophrenia patients after high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Table 1 Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of active and sham repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation groups

	Active rTMS (n = 25)	Sham rTMS (n = 22)	χ2 or F	P value
Sex (male/female)	12/13	11/11	0.02	0.89
Age (yr)	45.9 ± 10.0	45.1 ± 10.4	0.05	0.83
Education (yr)	13.0 ± 4.7	12.5 ± 5.7	0.11	0.74
Age of onset (yr)	22.3 ± 6.3	25.2 ± 7.5	2.48	0.13
Antipsychotics			0.42	0.94
Clozapine	14	12
Quetiapine	3	4
Aripiprazole	3	2
Risperidone	3	1
Olanzapine	1	2
Chlorpromazine	1	1
Daily antipsychotic dose (mg) (chlorpromazine equivalent)	323.5 ± 193.1	341.7 ± 168.7	0.08	0.78
PANSS total score	72.1 ± 15.3	69.3 ± 11.5	0.45	0.51
P-subscore	12.6 ± 4.0	10.0 ± 3.3	3.52	0.07
N-subscore	26.7 ± 7.5	25.9 ± 6.9	0.25	0.62
G-subscore	33.8 ± 6.0	33.4 ± 5.4	0.01	0.91
SANS total score	88.1 ± 17.9	88.1 ± 15.2	0.18	0.68
Affect flattening	23.5 ± 5.8	24.1 ± 5.8	0.09	0.76
Alogia	16.0 ± 4.6	16.3 ± 3.4	0.12	0.73
Avolition-apathy	14.0 ± 3.1	14.6 ± 3.1	0.05	0.83
Anhedonia-Asociality	21.4 ± 3.3	21.7 ± 3.2	0.27	0.61
Attention	11.6 ± 2.3	11.4 ± 3.0	0.2	0.66
PRM-number correct	14.7 ± 4.0	15.5 ± 3.7	0.47	0.5
PRM-percent correct (%)	61.3 ± 16.9	64.6 ± 15.6	0.47	0.5

rTMS: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; P: Positive symptom; N: Negative symptom; G: General psychopathology; SANS: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; PRM: Pattern recognition memory; PANSS: Positive and Negative Symptom Scale.