Fear of COVID-19 and emotional dysfunction problems: Intrusive, avoidance and hyperarousal stress as key mediators

Table 4 Summary of total, indirect, and direct effects of mediation models

Predictor variable: Fear of COVID-19	Depression	Agoraphobia	Obsessive-Compulsive	Panic	Health anxiety	Generalized anxiety	Social anxiety
Total	0.197 (0.074, 0.316)	0.423 (0.296, 0.535)	0.423 (0.295, 0.536)	0.402 (0.252, 0.533)	0.569 (0.463, 0.663)	0.376 (0.261, 0.487)	0.253 (0.115, -0.379)
Total indirect	0.293 (0.190, 0.402)	0.143 (0.006, 0.232)	0.083 (0.006, 0.166)	0.253 (0.166, 0.346)	0.111 (0.035, 0.203)	0.310 (0.211, 0.414)	0.183 (0.100, 0.276)
Avoidance stress	-0.007 (-0.058, 0.041)	0.006 (-0.067, 0.080)	-0.024 (-0.091, 0.042)	-0.012 (-0.068, 0.045)	-0.031 (-0.088, 0.020)	-0.002 (-0.050, 0.043)	-0.013 (-0.077, 0.053)
Intrusive stress	-0.041 (-0.145, 0.064)	0.070 (-0.066, 0.208)	0.034 (-0.080, 0.147)	0.007 (-0.118, 0.134)	0.023 (-0.092, 0.148)	0.067 (-0.024, 0.167)	0.114 (-0.013, 0.241)
Hyperarousal stress	0.340 (0.236, 0.460)	0.067 (-0.047, 0.197)	0.073 (-0.028, 0.188)	0.258 (0.155, 0.382)	0.120 (0.025, 0.229)	0.245 (0.162, 0.343)	0.082 (-0.013, 0.189)
Direct	-0.096 (-0.224, 0.026)	0.281 (0.135, 0.411)	0.340 (0.196, 0.475)	0.148 (0.009, 0.289)	0.458 (0.340, 0.568)	0.066 (-0.056, 0.193)	0.069 (-0.076, 0.206)

β (99%CI): Significant associations were determined by a 99% bias-corrected standardized bootstrapped confidence interval (based on 10000 bootstrapped samples) that does not contain zero. COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.