Fear of COVID-19 and emotional dysfunction problems: Intrusive, avoidance and hyperarousal stress as key mediators

Table 2 Mann-Whitney U Test according to the grouping of participants above/below the cutoff point in emotional dysfunction, n = 439

Emotional dysfunction		n	Fear of COVID-19					Acute stress associated to COVID-19 pandemic
								Avoidance stress					Intrusive stress					Hyperarousal stress
			Mdn	Rng	U	P value	g	Mdn	Rng	U	P value	g	Mdn	Rng	U	P value	g	Mdn	Rng	U	P value	g
Depression	≤ 8	390	15	26	9080	0.515	0.15	7	28	6045	< 0.001	0.69	6	26	5140	< 0.001	0.91	5	22	2821	< 0.001	1.60
	≥ 9	49	15	26				11	27				12	26				14	27
Agoraphobia	≤ 4	301	14	25	11712	< 0.001	0.86	7	28	15261	< 0.001	0.53	6	26	11894	< 0.001	0.80	5	22	12931	< 0.001	0.83
	≥ 5	138	17.5	26				10	27				10	27				10	27
Obsessive-Compulsive	≤ 8	380	14	26	6931	< 0.001	0.84	8	28	9584	0.060	0.32	6	26	7616	< 0.001	0.66	6	22	6707	< 0.001	0.86
	≥ 9	59	19	26				9	27				12	27				10	27
Panic	≤ 5	389	14	25	5844	< 0.001	0.90	7	28	5779	< 0.001	0.79	6	26	4269	< 0.001	1.16	5	22	3147	< 0.001	1.57
	≥ 6	50	19.5	26				11.5	26				12	25				14	25
Health anxiety	≤ 8	388	14	22	4551	< 0.001	1.17	8	28	8011	0.022	0.33	7	27	5591	< 0.001	1.04	6	25	5013	< 0.001	1.07
	≥ 9	51	21	26				10	27				13	24				12	27
Generalized anxiety	≤ 14	402	15	26	6009	0.046	0.49	8	28	3915	< 0.001	0.87	6	26	2676	< 0.001	1.45	6	22	2033	< 0.001	1.70
	≥ 15	37	16	26				13	23				14	23				16	23
Social anxiety	≤ 9	388	15	26	7438	0.003	0.47	8	27	6277	< 0.001	0.80	6	26	5276	< 0.001	0.91	6	22	5242	< 0.001	0.96
	≥ 10	51	16	26				12	28				12	26				11	27

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; ≤/≥: Normative/clinical cutoff points of ESTAD; Mdn: Median; Rng: Range; U: Mann-Whitney U test; Hedge’s g effect size: Approximately 0.20 small, approximately 0.50 medium, approximately 0.80 large.