Catatonia in older adults: A systematic review

Table 3 Catatonia signs frequency using Bush Francis Catatonia Rating Scale in older people

Catatonia signs	Country, clinical setting, (n: Patients)					Total (n = 79)	%
	Spain[5] CLS, (n: 10)	Australia[10] CLS, (n: 6)	United Kingdom[7] PW, (n: 10)	Hungary[11] APW, (n: 11)	Spain[12] PW, (n: 42)
Inmobility/stupor	10	5	7	7	24	53	67.1
Staring	10	3	7	7	22	49	62.0
Mutism	8	2	7	4	18	39	49.5
Negativism	7	3	4	0	25	39	49.5
Withdrawal	8	3	4	3	18	36	45.6
Rigidity	9	4	6	2	15	36	45.6
Excitement	0	0	3	3	27	33	41.8
Posturing	7	4	5	6	8	30	37.9
Verbigeration	1	1	2	0	26	30	37.9
Perseveration	1	0	3	2	20	20	33.0
Stereotipies	4	1	4	2	15	26	33.0
Autonomic abnormalities	1	1	3	1	16	16	27.8
Impulsivity	1	0	2	1	15	19	24.0
Automatic obedience	1	1	3	1	16	22	21.5
Combativeness	2	0	4	0	14	20	20.4
Ecophenomena	6	1	2	0	5	14	17.7
Ambitendency	0	1	2	2	8	13	16.5
Grasp reflex	0	1	1	2	9	13	16.5
Grimacing	3	1	0	0	8	12	15.3
Mitgehen	3	0	0	5	1	9	11.4
Gegenhalten	3	0	3	2	0	8	10.2
Waxi flexibility	2	0	4	0	0	6	7.6
Mannerism	0	0	0	0	4	4	5.1

APW: Acute psychiatric ward; CLS: Consultation-Liaison service; PW: Psychogeriatric ward.