Novel approaches in schizophrenia-from risk factors and hypotheses to novel drug targets

Table 1 Possible diagnostic/theranostic immunologic biomarkers in schizophrenia

Parameter	Serum/plasma/peripheral blood	CSF
Pro-inflammatory cytokines	↑ IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-1RA, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, sIL-2R, TGF-β, and TNF-α	↑ IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8
Anti-inflammatory cytokines	↓ IL-10 and IL-4
Acute phase proteins	↑ CRP, haptoglobin, α-1 antitrypsin, and α-2 macroglobulin
Antibodies	↑ Anti-cardiolipin IgG and anti-NMDA receptor titers
Immune cells	↑ CD4+, CD3+ and CD56+
Other biomolecules/metabolites	↓ Creatine kinase m/B, MMP3, ACE, cortisol, TBG, α-2 macroblobulin, thrombopoietin, TSH, and ICAM-1, P-selectin

ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; CRP: C-reactive protein; CSF: Cerebro-spinal fluid; ICAM: Intercellular adhesion molecule; IFNγ: Interferon gamma; IL: Interleukin; MMP3: Matrix metalloproteinase 3; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate; TBG: Thyroxine-binding globulin; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone.