Effectiveness of digital psychotherapeutic intervention among perinatal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Table 2 Subgroup analyses of digital psychotherapeutic intervention on depression symptoms

Deign	Subgroups	No of trials	Sample size	g	P value	Subgroup differences, P value
Population nature	Antenatal women	8[62,65,66,69,73,74,76,84]	622	-0.24	0.16	Q = 2.95, P = 0.09
	Postnatal women	11[67,68,70-72,75,78-81,85]	1114	-0.67	< 0.001c
Theoretical principle	Cognitive behavioural therapy and others	3[67,73,78]	185	-1.11	0.19	Q = 4.13, P = 0.13
	Cognitive behavioural therapy only	8[62,65,69-71,79-81]	447	-0.56	< 0.001c
	Other psychotherapy	8[66,68,72,74-76,84,85]	691	-0.19	0.26
Digital platform	Website	17[64-66,68-76,78-81,85]	1538	-0.32	< 0.001c	Q = 2.49, P = 0.11
	Mobile application	2[67,84]	198	-1.93	0.06
Aim	Prevention	9[62,68,70-74,76,85]	741	-0.25	0.09	Q = 3.31, P = 0.07
	Treatment	10[65-67,69,75,78-81,84]	995	-0.71	< 0.001c
Guidance	Self-guided	4[65,67,73,85]	211	-0.83	0.23	Q = 0.37, P = 0.54
	Therapist-guided	15[62,66,68-72,74-76,78-81,84]	1525	-0.40	< 0.001c
Number of sessions	< 8 sessions	8[66,69,73,75,76,81,84,85]	650	-0.26	0.15	Q = 2.47, P = 0.12
	≥ 8 sessions	11[62,65,67,68,70-72,74,78-80]	1086	-0.66	< 0.001c

Hedges’s g: Effect size; Q: Cochran’s statistic; Z: z-statistics.

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

^cP < 0.001.