Psychoeducation in bipolar disorder: A systematic review

Table 4 Extracted data from studies that evaluated psychoeducation in relatives of patients with bipolar disorder

Ref.	BD	Psychoeducation group			Group control			Applied scales/parameters	Results
		Psychoeducation strategy	n (%)		Intervention strategy	n (%)
Hubbard et al[50], 2016	ND	GCPBD	18	8 Partner; 10 Parents	WL	14	3 Partner; 8 Parents; 1 Sibling; 2 Friend	DASS- 21	P = 0.52
								BAS	P = 0.91
								KBDS	P > 0.05
								BDSS	P > 0.05
Fiorillo et al[51], 2015	BD I	PFI	85	21 Parents; 44 Partner; 10 Son; 9 Sibling; 1 Other	WI	70	23 Parents; 31 Partner; 11 Son; 3 Sibling; 2 Other	Subjective burden	P = 0.001
								Professional help	P = 0.001
								Help in emergencies	P = 0.01
Madigan et al[52], 2012	ND	MFGP; SFGP	18; 19	ND	WI	10	ND	Caregiver knowledge	P = 0.404
								IEQ	P = 0.795
								GHQ12	P = 0.723
								WHOQOL Bref	P = 0.355
								GAF	P = 0.617
Reinares et al[53], 2008	BD I e II	PFI	57	35 Parents; 20 Partner; 2 Offspring/siblings	WI	56	27 Parents; 25 Partner; 4 Offspring/siblings	Amount of daily contact between the patient and the caregiver	P = 0.757
								Manic/hypomanic recurrence time	P = 0.015
								Medication adherence	P = 0.611
Solomon et al[54], 2008	BD I	MFGP; IFT	21; 16	ND	WI	16	ND	New mood episode	P = 0.47
								Hospitalization frequency	P = 0.04
								BRMS	P = 0.44
								HAM-D	P = 0.12
Reinares et al[55], 2004	BD I e II	PFI	30	17 Parents; 12 Partner; 1 Sibiling	WI	15	6 Parents; 6 Partner; 2 Son; 1 Sibiling	HAM–D	P > 0.05
								YMRS	P > 0.05
								Subjective burden of the caregiver	P = 0.48
								FES	P = 0.22
								Knowledge about the disorder	P = 0.001
Van Gent et al[56], 1991	ND	GT	14	14 Partner	WI	12	12 Partner	IPSQ	P > 0.05
								IPP	P > 0.05
								SCL-90	P > 0.05
Miklowitz et al[57], 2000	BD I	FFT	31	ND	CMNF	70	ND	New mood episode	P = 0.042
								Depressive symptoms	P = 0.06
								Manic symptoms	P = 0.59
Simoneau et al[58], 1999	ND	FFT	22	ND	CMNF	22	ND	KPI	P > 0.05

BAS: Burden assessment scale; BD: Bipolar disorder; BDSS: Bipolar disorder self-efficacy scale; BPRS: Brief psychiatric rating scale; BRMS: Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale; C: Control; CMNF: Crisis management with naturalistic follow-up; DAS: Disability assessment scale; DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale; FES: Family Environment Scale (Cohesion, Expressiveness e Conflict)-Relationship subscales; FFT: Program of pharmacotherapy and family-focused psychoeducational treatment; GAF: Global Assessment of Functioning; GHQ12: General Health Questionnaire 12; GCPBD: Guide for Caregivers of People with Bipolar Disorder; HAM–D: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression–17-item; IEQ: Involvement evaluation questionnaire; IFT: Individual family therapy; IPP: Inventory of psychosocial problems; IPSQ: Interactional Problem Solving Questionnaire; KBDS: Knowledge of Bipolar Disorder Scale; KPI: Interactional coding system-assessed verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors of patients and their family; MFGP: Multifamily Group Psychoeducation; N: Total number l; ND: Not described; P: Psychoeducation; PFI: Psychoeducational family intervention; SADS-C: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Change Version; SCL-90: Symptom Checklist; SFGP: Solution Focused Group Psychotherapy; GT: Group therapy; WHOQOL Brief: World Health Organization Quality of Life, Brief version; WI: Without intervention; WL: Waiting list; YMRS: Young Mania Rating Scale.