Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Psychiatr. Dec 19, 2021; 11(12): 1346-1365
Published online Dec 19, 2021. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i12.1346
Table 3 Means of mental health conditions by lockdown easing periods, demographics, lifestyle changes, and pre-existing health conditions
Control variablesMeans of GAD-7 (n = 18948) (95%CI)
Means of IES-R (n = 17739) (95%CI)
May 1, 2020-July 3, 2020 (Lockdown)
July 4-23, 2020 (Lockdown relax)
July 24-31, 2020 (Face-covering)
May 1, 2020-July 3, 2020 (Lockdown)
July 4-23, 2020 (Lockdown relax)
July 24-31, 2020 (Face-covering)
Total study population5.6 (5.5-5.7)5.6 (5.3-5.8)4.4 (4.2-4.6)17.3 (16.9-17.6)16.8 (16.0-17.6)13.4 (12.7-14.2)
Key worker
Not a key worker5.8 (5.6-6.0)6.2 (5.7-6.7)4.1 (3.8-4.4)18.5 (17.8-19.2)19.9 (18.2-21.5)13.1 (12.1-14.2)
Health 5.1 (5.0-5.3)5 (4.7-5.3) 4.3 (3.9-4.6)15.9 (15.4-16.3)14.4 (13.4-15.4)12.2 (11.0-13.5)
Not in health6.3 (6.1-6.6)6.1 (5.5-6.6)5.3 (4.8-5.9)19 (18.2-19.8) 18.5 (16.8-20.3)16.1 (14.4-17.9)
Gender
Female5.8 (5.7-5.9)5.7 (5.5-6.0)4.8 (4.5-5.1)18 (17.6-18.4) 17.3 (16.4-18.2)14.4 (13.5-15.2)
Male4.3 (4.0-4.5)4.8 (4.1-5.4)3.2 (2.8-3.7)13.3 (12.4-14.1)14.1 (12.2-16.1)10.7 (9.4-12.1)
Age group
Under 217.7 (6.8-8.5)9.3 (6.7-11.9)8.6 (6.4-10.9)24 (20.9-27.1) 30.8 (20.8-40.8)28.8 (20.2-37.3)
21-247.9 (7.4-8.5)7.8 (6.3-9.2)6.7 (5.0-8.4)22.6 (20.8-24.3)21.4 (17.0-25.7)19.2 (13.9-24.5)
25-346.8 (6.5-7.0)7.5 (7.0-8.1)5.7 (5.1-6.4)19 (18.2-19.8) 21.3 (19.4-23.2)15.4 (13.3-17.4)
35-446.1 (5.9-6.3)6.1 (5.6-6.6)5.2 (4.7-5.7)18.3 (17.5-19.0)17.8 (16.1-19.5)14.4 (12.8-15.9)
45-544.9 (4.7-5.1)4.8 (4.4-5.3)4.5 (4.0-5.0)16.2 (15.6-16.9)14.5 (13.0-16.0)13.2 (11.8-14.7)
55-644.6 (4.4-4.8)4.8 (4.3-5.3)3.7 (3.3-4.1)15.7 (15.0-16.5)14.8 (13.2-16.4)12.6 (11.2-14.0)
65 and over3.1 (2.8-3.4)3.1 (2.5-3.7)1.9 (1.4-2.3)10.8 (9.7-11.8) 12.2 (9.7-14.6) 8.1 (6.5-9.7)
Ethnicity
Non-white 4.9 (4.5-5.2)5.9 (5.1-6.8)4.9 (4.1-5.7)15.9 (14.7-17.1)19.2 (16.3-22.0)14.4 (12.0-16.8)
White 5.6 (5.5-5.7)5.5 (5.3-5.8)4.4 (4.1-4.6)17.4 (17.0-17.7)16.6 (15.7-17.4)13.3 (12.5-14.1)
Religion
Non-Christian5.7 (5.6-5.9)6.0 (5.6-6.3) 4.6 (4.3-4.9)17.6 (17.2-18.1)17.6 (16.5-18.7)13.8 (12.8-14.8)
Christian5.4 (5.2-5.5)5.1 (4.8-5.5)4.2 (3.9-4.5)16.8 (16.3-17.3)15.8 (14.6-17.0)12.9 (11.9-14.0)
Education
A-level or less6.2 (6.0-6.4)6.1 (5.7-6.6)4.5 (4.1-4.9)19.1 (18.4-19.8)19.1 (17.6-20.5)14.3 (12.9-15.7)
Higher degree5.3 (5.2-5.4)5.2 (4.9-5.5)4.4 (4.1-4.6)16.4 (16.0-16.8)15.5 (14.6-16.4)13 (12.2-13.9)
Type of accommodation
Rented 7.1 (6.9-7.3)7.8 (7.3-8.3)6.7 (6.1-7.3)21.6 (20.9-22.3)23.1 (21.4-24.8)19.7 (17.8-21.6)
Own 5 (4.9-5.1) 44.7 (4.5-5.0)3.8 (3.5-4.0)15.7 (15.3-16.0)14.4 (13.5-15.3)11.7 (10.9-12.4)
Shielding status (government)
Shielding not required5.5 (5.4-5.6)5.5 (5.2-5.8)4.4 (4.1-4.6)16.8 (16.5-17.2)16.2 (15.3-17.1)12.9 (12.1-13.7)
Shielding required (but not Shielding)5.5 (5.2-5.9)5.1 (4.5-5.8)4 (3.4-4.6)17.6 (16.5-18.6)16.6 (14.5-18.8)13 (11.0-14.9)
Shielding required (shielding)6.6 (6.2-7.0)7.4 (6.4-8.5)5.5 (4.6-6.5)21.2 (19.8-22.6)23.9 (20.7-27.2)19.3 (16.2-22.3)
Experience of COVID-19
No such experience5.1 (4.9-5.3)5.1 (4.6-5.6)3.9 (3.5-4.4)15.5 (14.8-16.2)16.3 (14.7-18.0)12.1 (10.7-13.5)
Yes 5.7 (5.6-5.8)5.7 (5.4-6.0)4.6 (4.3-4.9)17.8 (17.4-18.2)17 (16.1-17.9) 13.9 (13.1-14.8)
Pre-existing mental health
No4.1 (4.0-4.2)3.7 (3.5-3.9)3.2 (2.9-3.4)13 (12.6-13.3) 11.5 (10.7-12.3)9.7 (9.0-10.4)
Yes8.2 (8.0-8.4)8.7 (8.3-9.2)7.6 (7.1-8.1)24.9 (24.3-25.6)25.9 (24.5-27.4)23 (21.3-24.7)
Drinking alcohol
Never6.3 (6.0-6.6)6.2 (5.5-6.9)5.7 (4.9-6.4)19.7 (18.6-20.7)17.9 (15.6-20.2)16.2 (13.8-18.6)
Monthly or less6.2 (6.0-6.5)6.6 (6.0-7.1)5 (4.4-5.5)18.8 (18.0-19.6)19.5 (17.6-21.3)15.2 (13.4-17.0)
2-4 times a month5.4 (5.2-5.6)5.3 (4.8-5.8)4.3 (3.8-4.7)16.7 (15.9-17.4)17 (15.4-18.5) 13 (11.5-14.5)
2-3 times a week5 (4.9-5.2) 55.2 (4.7-5.6)3.9 (3.5-4.4)15.5 (14.9-16.1)15.2 (13.7-16.7)12.2 (10.9-13.5)
4 times or more a week5.1 (4.8-5.3)4.3 (3.7-5.0)3.8 (3.2-4.4)16.9 (16.0-17.9)13.4 (11.6-15.3)12 (10.3-13.7)
Drug use
Never5.5 (5.4-5.6)5.5 (5.2-5.7)4.3 (4.1-4.6)17.1 (16.8-17.5)16.6 (15.8-17.4)13.1 (12.4-13.9)
Ever7.7 (6.8-8.6)9.6 (7.9-11.4)7.3 (5.5-9.1)23.8 (20.9-26.8)25.5 (19.9-31.1)24.2 (18.3-30.0)
Suicidal thoughts ever
No4.5 (4.4-4.6)4.4 (4.1-4.7)3.4 (3.2-3.7)13.9 (13.5-14.3)13.2 (12.3-14.0)10.3 (9.6-11.0)
Yes7.8 (7.6-8.0)8 (7.6-8.5) 6.9 (6.4-7.4)24.3 (23.7-25.0)24.4 (22.8-25.9)21.6 (19.9-23.3)