Phantom bite syndrome: Revelation from clinically focused review

Table 3 Summary of medications used in phantom bite syndrome’s management

Classification	Drug’s name	Period of follow-up	Side effects	Treatment outcome	Mechanism	Level of evidences	Ref.
D2 blocker	PimozideHaloperidol	No report	No report	No report	Prescribed as a treatment for monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis	Expert’s opinion	Marbach[2], 1978
D2 partial agonist	Aripiprazole	Average 59 d from initial administration to clinical improved day	Drowsiness, constipation, weight gain, nausea, diarrhea, staggering, dizziness, malaise, irritation, headache	37% improved; 40.7% no change, 22.3% discontinued	Unspecified	Retrospective study, n = 27	Watanabe et al[8], 2015
Anticonvulsant	Clonazepam	No report	No report	No report	Reduce anxiety and increase tolerance to the symptom	Expert’s opinion	Clark et al[23], 2005
Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)	Dothiepin	Unspecified	Unspecified	Generally recovered	Prescribed as a treatment for somatic symptom disorder	Single case report	Wong and Tsang[12], 1991
	Amitriptyline	390 d	No	Significant improvement	Unspecified	Single case report	Umezaki et al[16], 2013
		Average 75 d from initial administration to clinical improved day	Drowsiness, constipation, weight gain, nausea, dry mouth, malaise	44.8% improved; 41.3% no change, 13.9% discontinued	Unspecified	Retrospective study, n = 29	Watanabe et al[8], 2015
	Paroxetine	No report	Drowsiness	1/3 improved; 2/3 no change	Unspecified	Retrospective study, n = 3	Watanabe et al[8], 2015
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor		Average 152 d from initial administration to clinical improved day	Drowsiness, constipation, nausea, dysuria, pollakiuria, staggering, dizziness, malaise	4/7 improved; 3/7 no change	Unspecified	Retrospective study, n = 7	Watanabe et al[8], 2015
	Duloxetine	Average 28 d from initial administration to clinical improved day	Drowsiness, constipation, nausea, decreased appetite	3/7 improved; 4/7 no change	Unspecified	Retrospective study, n = 7	Watanabe et al[8], 2015
		5 mo	No report	Symptom improved	No report	Single case report	Bhatia et al[39], 2013
	Escitalopram	Average 18 d from initial administration to clinical improved day	Drowsiness, staggering, dizziness, malaise	3/4 improved; 1/4 discontinued	Unspecified	Retrospective study, n = 4	Watanabe et al[8], 2015
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor	Sertraline	Average 79 d from initial administration to clinical improved day	Drowsiness, constipation, nausea, edema, dry mouth, decreased appetite	7/9 improved; 2/9 no change	Unspecified	Retrospective study, n = 7	Watanabe et al[8], 2015
	Fluvoxamine	Average 24 d from initial administration to clinical improved day	Drowsiness	2/4 improved; 2/4 no change	Unspecified	Retrospective study, n = 4	Watanabe et al[8], 2015
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant	Mirtazapine	Average 59 d from initial administration to clinical improved day	Drowsiness, constipation, weight gain, nausea, staggering	42.9% improved; 47.6% no change, 9.5% discontinued	Unspecified	Retrospective study, n = 21	Watanabe et al[8], 2015
Combination of TCA and D2 partial agonist	Amitriptyline; Aripiprazole	41 mo	Staggering	Remarkable improve	Altered biochemical abnormalities related to neurotransmitter and higher brain connectivity dysfunction, especially dopaminergic system	Single case report	Umezaki et al[16], 2013
Combination of TCA, benzodiazepine and D2 blocker	Amitriptyline; Lorazepam; Sulpiride	Average 99.8 d for hospitalization and 3.8 yr from discharge	Weight gain, Liver dysfunction, hyperprolactinaemia	15/16 improved	Altered biochemical abnormalities related to neurotransmitter	Retrospective study of inpatients, n = 16	Toyofuku[32], 2000
Combination of D2 blocker and benzodiazepine	Sulpiride; Flunitrazepam	10 mo	No report	Symptom improved	Unspecified	Single case report	Nakamura[40], 1996