Neurofeedback for insomnia: Current state of research

Table 8 Summary of the results for open-loop audiovisual training neurofeedback

Ref.	Sleep outcomes measurements	Results
Tang et al[37]	Subjective: ISI, PSQI, sleep diary	Significant effect: Decreased ISI score (15.6 ± 4.8 to 8.0 ± 6.4)b
Tang et al[58]	Objective: QEEG; Subjective: ISI, PSQI	Significant effect only for AVE: Increased delta frequencies’ absolute power on all 19 EEG channels; Significant difference between AVE and placebo: Delta power at Cz

^bP < 0.01 pre vs post.

ISI: Insomnia Severity Index; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; QEEG: Quantitative electroencephalogram.