Environmental pollution with psychiatric drugs

Table 1 Examples of the presence of certain psychiatric drugs in the environment and ecotoxicological effects on organisms

Therapeutic class	Drug	Non-target organism	Ecotoxicological effects	Ref.
Antiepileptics	Carbamazepine	Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)	Accumulation in plants tissues	Carter et al[83], 2014
Antidepressants	Various	Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), Brown Trout (Salmo trutta)	Half of human daily dose, insectivorous diet. Effects?	Richmond et al[41], 2018
	Sertraline	River sediment microorganisms	Sedimentary nitrification processes by altering the microbial trophic chain	Li et al[31], 2020
	Fluoxetine	Cricket (Gryllus campestris)	Behaviour disturbance	Abey-Lee et al[28], 2018
		Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)	Reduced female attractiveness	Whitlock et al[84], 2018
Benzodiazepines	Various	Beet (Beta vulgaris)	Phitotoxicity	Carter et al[30], 2018
	Oxazepam	European perch (Perca fluviatilis)	Behaviour and feeding rate disturbance	Brodin et al[85], 2013
Antipsychotics	Clozapine	Zebra fish (Danio rerio)	Constipation	de Alvarenga et al[29], 2017
	Risperidone	Zebra fish (Danio rerio)	Alteration of antipredatory behavior, transgenerational effect	Kalichak et al[86], 2019
	Various	Chub (Squalius cephalus)	Fish plasma concentrations > Human plasma therapeutic concentrations	Cerveny et al[42], 2020