Visual impairment and depression: Age-specific prevalence, associations with vision loss, and relation to life satisfaction

Table 3 Prevalence ratios for depressive disorders with sociodemographic factors and characteristics of visual impairment estimated using regression analysis (n = 736)

Variables	Any depressive disorder
	Cases/total	%	Unadjusted PR (95%CI)	Adjusted PR (95%CI)
Age (continuous)2	-	-	0.89 (0.81, 0.99)1	0.83 (0.74, 0.93)1
Gender
Men	42/333	12.6	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Women	62/403	15.4	1.22 (0.85, 1.76)	1.17 (0.82, 1.68)
Education (continuous)	-	-	0.85 (0.72, 1.01)	0.86 (0.72, 1.02)
VI severity
Moderate	40/254	15.8	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Severe	44/296	14.9	0.94 (0.64, 1.40)	0.87 (0.60, 1.32)
Blind	20/186	10.8	0.68 (0.41, 1.13)	0.82 (0.49, 1.36)
Age of VI onset
Congenital	35/330	10.6	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Childhood/adolescence	26/142	18.3	1.73 (1.08, 2.76)1	1.63 (1.03, 2.58)1
Adulthood	43/264	16.3	1.54 (1.01, 2.33)1	1.76 (1.11, 2.79)1
Current VI status
Stable	65/523	12.4	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Progressive	39/213	18.3	1.47 (1.02, 2.12)1	1.43 (0.99, 2.06)
Other impairments
No	50/478	10.5	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	54/258	20.9	2.00 (1.41, 2.85)1	1.88 (1.32, 2.67)1

¹Results indicate statistical significance.

²Rescaled into 10-year age intervals. VI: Visual impairment; CI: Confidence interval; PR: Prevalence ratio.