Visual impairment and depression: Age-specific prevalence, associations with vision loss, and relation to life satisfaction

Table 1 Characteristics of the sample by gender

Characteristics	Total (n = 736), n (%)	Women (n = 403), n (%)	Men (n = 333), n (%)	P value1
Age2				0.93
18-35 yr	157 (21.3)	88 (21.8)	69 (20.7)
36-50 yr	186 (25.3)	101 (25.1)	85 (25.5)
51-65 yr	200 (27.2)	106 (26.3)	94 (28.2)
≥ 66 yr	193 (26.2)	108 (26.8)	85 (25.5)
Education				0.20
< 11 yr	115 (15.6)	69 (17.1)	46 (13.8)
11-13 yr	286 (38.9)	162 (40.2)	124 (37.2)
≥ 14 yr	335 (45.5)	172 (42.7)	163 (49.0)
Native origin				0.006b
Norwegian	645 (87.6)	341 (84.6)	304 (91.3)
Non-Norwegian	91 (12.4)	62 (15.4)	29 (8.7)
Place of residence				0.21
Village/town	399 (54.2)	227 (56.3)	172 (51.7)
Small or large city	337 (45.8)	176 (43.7)	161 (48.3)
VI severity				0.05a
Moderate	254 (34.5)	155 (38.5)	99 (29.7)
Severe	296 (40.2)	152 (37.7)	144 (43.2)
Blindness	186 (25.3)	96 (23.8)	90 (27.0)
Age of VI onset				0.24
Congenital	330 (44.8)	118 (46.7)	142 (42.6)
Childhood/adolescence	142 (19.3)	69 (17.1)	73 (21.9)
Adulthood	264 (35.9)	146 (36.2)	118 (35.4)
Current VI status				0.06
Stable	523 (74.5)	275 (68.2)	248 (74.5)
Progressive	213 (25.5)	128 (31.8)	85 (25.5)
Other impairments				0.46
No	478 (64.9)	257 (63.8)	221 (66.4)
Yes	258 (35.1)	146 (36.2)	112 (33.6)

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

¹P-value derived from Pearson’s Chi-squared test.

²The sample had a mean age of 51.4 years (SD: 17.2), 51.7 for women and 51.1 for men. VI: Visual impairment.