Testing the hypothesis of subtypes of nonadherence in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: A prospective study

Table 2 Psychopathological, treatment-related, and other characteristics of nonadherent patients during hospitalization and at 6 mo post discharge, and differences between unintentional and intentional nonadherence

	Hospitalization				6 mo
	Total Nonadherence (n = 64)	Unintentional (n = 32)	Intentional (n = 32)	P value	Total nonadherence (n = 64)	Unintentional (n = 32)	Intentional (n = 32)	P value
Amador insight scale, general disorder awareness	11 (9-15)	11 (9-15)	11 (9-15)	0.634	9 (9-11)	9 (6-11)	9 (9-13)	0.467
Mental disorder	5 (3-5)	5 (3-5)	5 (3-5)	0.750	3.0 (3.0-5.0)	3.0 (2.0-4.5)	3.0 (3.0-5.0)	0.177
Effects of the medication	3.0 (3.0-5.0)	3.0 (3.0-5.0)	3.0 (3.0-5.0)	0.638	3.0 (2.0-3.0)	3.0 (2.2-3.0)	3.0 (2.5-4.0)	0.907
Social consequences	3.0 (3.0-5.0)	3.0 (3.0-5.0)	4.0 (3.0- 5.0)	0.441	3.0 (2.0-5.0)	3.0 (2.2-4.8)	3.0 (2.5-5.0)	0.861
CGI-SCH severity. Total score	11 (10-13)	11 (10-13)	10 (9-12)	0.086	10 (9-12)	12 (10-13)	9 (8-10)	0.003
Psychotic symptoms	3.0 (3.0-3.0)	3.0 (3.0-3.0)	3.0 (3.0- 3.0)	0.645	2.0 (2.0- 3.0)	3.0 (2.0-3.0)	2.0 (2.0-3.0)	0.118
Negative symptoms	2.0 (1.0-2.2)	2.0 (1.0-2.2)	2.0 (1.0-2.2)	0.186	2.0 (1.0-2.0)	2.0 (2.0-3.0)	2.0 (1.0-2.0)	< 0.001
Depressive symptoms	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	0.413	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	0.346
Cognitive symptoms	2.0 (1.0-2.0)	2.0 (2.0-2.0)	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	< 0.001	2.0 (1.0-2.0)	2.0 (2.0-2.8)	1.0 (1.0-2.0)	< 0.001
Global severity	3.0 (3.0-3.0)	3.0 (3.0- 3.0)	3.0 (2.8-3.0)	0.679	3.0 (2.0-3.0)	3.0 (2.0-3.0)	2.0 (2.0-3.0)	0.210
SCIP. Total score	49 (40-55)	42 (32-52)	52 (46-59)	0.002	48 (41-59)	42 (33-49)	56 (48-62)	< 0.001
Verbal learning-immediate	13 (10-15)	12 (9-15)	13 (11-15)	0.073	15 (11-17)	13 (10-16)	15 (12-18)	0.032
Working memory	16 (13-20)	14 (11-18)	18 (16-21)	0.004	17 (14-20)	14 (12-17)	19 (17-20)	0.001
Verbal fluency	10 (8-13)	10 (7-11)	12 (9-14)	0.022	11 (8-12)	10 (7-11)	11 (8-13)	0.045
Verbal learning-delayed	4.0 (2.0-5.0)	3.0 (2.0-4.0)	4.0 (3.0-5.0)	0.003	4.0 (3.0-5.0)	3.0 (1.2-4.0)	5.0 (4.0-6.0)	< 0.001
Processing speed	4.0 (3.0-6.0)	3.0 (2.0-5.0)	5.0 (3.0-7.0)	0.004	4.0 (3.0-5.0)	3.0 (2.0-4.0)	5.0 (4.0-6.0)	< 0.001
Type of antipsychotic treatment				0.114				0.114
Oral	22 (34.4)	8 (25.0)	14 (43.8)		22 (34.4)	8 (25.0)	14 (43.8)
Injectable or injectable + oral	42 (65.6)	24 (75)	18 (56.2)		42 (65.6)	24 (75)	18 (56.2)
Supervision of the treatment	40 (65.6)	21 (67.7)	19 (63.3)	0.717	51 (79.7)	29 (90.6)	22 (68.8)	0.03
SDM-Q-9. total score	17 (9-23)	10 (8-19)	20 (11-30)	0.010	18 (11-21)	17 (10-21)	18 (14-22)	0.235
BMQ, beliefs about medicines, general	22 (18-27)	22 (20-27)	22 (17-25)	0.509	22 (18-26)	22 (18-26)	22 (16-25)	0.623
BMQ, beliefs about medicines, specific	6 (5-7)	6 (6-7)	6 (5-7)	0.142	31 (26-34)	31 (27-35)	30 (26-34)	0.479
DAI	3.0 (-3.0-7.0)	3.0 (-1.0-5.0)	1.0 (-3.0-7.0)	0.914	1.0 (-3.0-3.0)	1.0 (-3.0-6.5)	1.0 (-3.0-3.0)	0.374
Morisky-Green test	2.0 (2.0-3.0)	2.0 (1.8-2.2)	2.0 (2.0-3.0)	0.302	2.0 (2.0-3.0)	2.0 (2.0-3.0)	2.5 (2.0-3.0)	0.084
BARS	100 (100-100)	100 (100-100)	100 (100-100)	0.329	55 (30-74)	60 (20-78)	50 (40-70)	0.586
Knowledge of the treatment at 1 h1	75 (58-92)	67 (58-75)	83 (75-92)	< .001
Knowledge of the treatment at 20 d1	79 (62-92)	65 (42-77)	83 (81-92)	< .001
Knowledge of the treatment at 6 mo1					80 (60-90)	60 (40-70)	90 (80-100)	< 0.001

Data are means ± SD, frequencies (%) and medians (IQR).

¹There were 3 lost cases regarding knowledge of the treatment (n = 61; unintentional, n = 30; intentional, n = 31). Knowledge of the treatment: Knowledge of the treatment, diagnosis, and follow-up from the time of instruction. The values represent means of percentages. BMQ: Beliefs about medicines questionnaire; CGI-SCH: Clinical Global Impression–Schizophrenia; IQR: Inter-quartile range; SCIP: Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry; SDM-Q-9: Shared Decision Making Questionnaire; SD: Standard deviation; DAI: Drug attitude inventory; BARS: Brief adherence rating scale.