Best early-onset Parkinson dementia predictor using ensemble learning among Parkinson's symptoms, rapid eye movement sleep disorder, and neuropsychological profile

Table 2 General characteristics of the subjects (n = 342)

Characteristics	n (%)
Age, mean ± SD (yr)	57.3 ± 5.7
K-MMSE, mean ± SD	25.6 ± 4.0
K-MoCA, mean ± SD	21.2 ± 5.1
Global CDR score, mean ± SD	0.4 ± 0.3
Sum of boxes in CDR, mean ± SD	1.5 ± 1.7
K-IADL, mean ± SD	1.0 ± 2.4
Total score of UPDRS, mean ± SD	41.3 ± 21.8
Motor score of UPDRS, mean ± SD	23.1 ± 11.1
H&Y staging, mean ± SD	2.3 ± 0.6
Schwab & England ADL, mean ± SD	77.5 ± 15.0
Gender
Male	174 (50.9)
Female	168 (49.1)
Education
Middle school graduate and below	195 (57.0)
High school graduate and above	147 (43.0)
Handness
Right	318 (93.0)
Left	15 (4.4)
Both hands	9 (2.6)
Family PD history
No	279 (94.9)
Yes	15 (5.1)
Family dementia history
No	264 (92.6)
Yes	21 (7.4)
Smoking (pack year)
1-20	18 (7.9)
21-40	9 (2.6)
41-60	3 (0.9)
61+	303 (88.6)
Coffee consumption
No	174 (50.9)
Yes	168 (49.1)
Carbon monoxide poisoning
No	294 (93.3)
Yes	21 (6.7)
Traumatic brain injury
No	306 (97.1)
Yes	9 (2.9)
Diabetes
No	276 (82.3)
Yes	60 (17.7)
Hypertension
No	249 (73.5)
Yes	90 (26.5)
Hyperlipidemia
No	303 (89.4)
Yes	36 (10.6)
Atrial fibrillation
No	336 (99.1)
Yes	3 (0.9)
Tremor
No	120 (36.0)
Yes	213 (64.0)
Rigidity
No	24 (7.2)
Yes	309 (92.8)
Bradykinesia
No	21 (6.3)
Yes	312 (93.7)
Postural instability
No	159 (50.5)
Yes	156 (49.5)
REM sleep behavior disorders
No	195 (61.3)
Yes	123 (38.7)
Late motor complications
Only ON-OFF/Wearing OFF	57 (17.9)
Only levodopa-induced dyskinesia	12 (3.8)
Both ON-OFF/Wearing OFF and levodopa-induced dyskinesia are present	48 (15.1)
Both ON-OFF/Wearing OFF and levodopa-induced dyskinesia are absent	201 (63.2)
Depression
No	147 (67.1)
Yes	72 (32.9)

K-MMSE: Korean Mini Mental State Examination; K-MoCA: Korean Montreal Cognitive Assessment; CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating; K-IADL: Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; UPDRS: Score of Untitled Parkinson’s Disease Rating; H&Y staging: Hoehn and Yahr staging; Schwab & England ADL: Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living; PD: Parkinson’s disease; REM: Rapid eye movement.