Causal relationship between feelings and cognitive decline: An univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study

Figure 1 Study design overview. ¹Worrier/anxious feelings was excluded because of potential pleiotropy. ²Hearing difficulty, diabetes, high cholesterol, body mass index, smoking, alcohol intake, coronary artery disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, neuroticism, depressive symptoms or depression, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, autism, bipolar disorder, progressive supranuclear palsy, epilepsy, Alzheimers disease, spinal injury. SNPs: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms; LD: Linkage disequilibrium; MR: Mendelian randomization; IVW: Inverse-variance weighted; UVMR: Univariable Mendelian randomization; MVMR: Multivariable Mendelian randomization.

Figure 2 Univariable Mendelian randomization analysis of the impact of feelings on cognitive function. SNPs: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms; IVW: Inverse variance weighting; MR: Mendelian Randomization; mre: Multiplicative random effects; fe: Fixed effects.

Figure 3 Multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis of the impact of feelings on cognitive function. IVW: Inverse variance weighting; MR: Mendelian Randomization.