Fighting nosocomial infections with biocidal non-intrusive hard and soft surfaces

Table 1 Demonstrated biocidal efficacy of copper

	Hard surface	Soft surface	Other	Ref.
Bacteria
Acinetobacter baumannii1	+	+	+	[130,164] UR2
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii	-	-	+	[93,94,165]
Acinetobacter johnsonii	+	-	-	[105]
Acinetobacter lwoffii	-	-	+	[166]
Bacillus cereus	+	-	+	[101,167-169]
Bacillus globigii	-	-	+	[92]
Bacillus subtilis	-	+	+	[165,169-175]
Bacillus macerans	-	-	+	[176]
Brachybacterium conglomeratum	+	-	-	[105]
Brevibacterium	-	+	-	UR
Campylobacter jejuni	+	-	-	[129]
Citrobacter freundi	-	-	+	[165,177]
Clostridium difficile	+	-	+	[93,97,98]
Clostridium tyrobutyricum	-	-	+	[95]
Corynebacterium xerosis	-	+	-	UR
Deinococcus radiodurans	+	-	-	[101]
Desulfovibrio desulfuricans	-	-	+	[178]
Edwardsiella tarda	-	-	+	[179]
Enterobacter aerogenes	-	-	+	[168,180]
Enterobacter cloacae	+	+	+	[127,128,168,175]
Enterococcus sp.1	-	-	+	[93]
Enterococcus faecalis1	+	+	+	[64,108,112,136,137,168,180]
Enterococcus faecium1	+	-	-	[127,128,137,155,181]
Enterococcus gallinarum	+	-	-	[137]
Enterococcus hirae	+	-	-	[182]
Escherichia coli	+	+	+	[64,100,101,105,108,109,112,127,128,133,139,147,155,165, 168-172,181,183-193]
Klebsiella pneumoniae	+	+	+	[112,130,165,193-195]
Kocuria marina	+	-	-	[105]
Kocuria palustris	+	-	-	[105]
Legionella pneumophila	+	-	+	[93,140,159,196-198]
Listeria monocytogenes	+	+	+	[64,140,180,199,200]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis1	+	-	-	[130]
Micrococcus luteus	+	+	-	[105,127,128] UR
Morganella morganii	-	-	+	[177]
Pantoea stewartii	+	-	-	[105]
Photobacterium leiognathi	-	+	-	[112]
Proteus mirabilis	-	-	+	[194]
Proteus vulgaris	-	-	+	[168]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	+	+	+	[112,127,128,130,144,164,167,168,171,172,175,201,202]
Pseudomonas fluorescens	+	-	-	[199]
Pseudomonas nitroreducens	-	-	+	[169]
Pseudomonas oleovorans	+	-	-	[105]
Pseudomonas putita	-	-	+	[203]
Pseudomonas striata	+	-	-	[176]
Salmonella spp.	+	+	+	[64,129,165,183]
Salmonella typhi	+	-	+	[141,174,177,190,194,203,204]
Salmonella typhimurium	+	-	-	[141,142,199,201]
Sarcina lutea	-	-	+	[167]
Serratia marcescens	-	-	+	[171]
Shewanella putrefaciens	+	-	-	[199]
Shigella dysenteriae	-	-	+	[194]
Shigella flexnerii	+	-	+	[165,174,177,204]
Sphingomonas panni	+	-	-	[105]
Staphylococcus aureus1	+	+	+	[64,93,94,105,108,109,112,127,128,130,131,134,138,165,167-172, 175,181,184,199,200,205,206]
Staphylococcus epidermidis	+	+	+	[105,168,191,195,207] UR
Staphylococcus haemolyticus	+	-	-	[105]
Staphylococcus hominis	+	-	-	[105]
Staphylococcus warnerii	+	-	-	[105]
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia	-	-	+	[164]
Streptococcus faecalis	-	+	-	[175]
Streptococcus pyogenes	-	-	+	[168]
Streptococcus sp.	-	-	+	[165,208]
Vibrio cholerae1	+	-	+	[141,190,209]
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis	-	-	+	[180]
Xanthomonas compestris	-	-	+	[202]
Fungi/Yeast
Alternaria brassicae	-	-	+	[202]
Aspergillus bransilensis	-	+	-	UR
Aspergillus carbonarius	-	-	+	[210]
Aspergillus flavus	+	-	+	[96,172,203,204]
Aspergillus fumigatus	+	-	+	[96,211]
Aspergillus niger	+	+	+	[96,114,172,202,211-214]
Aspergillus oryzae	-	-	+	[212]
Candida albicans	+	+	+	[64,96,104,108,109,112-114,130,168,169,173,193,204,211,214,215]
Candida glabrata	-	-	+	[168,180,194,204]
Candida krusei	-	-	+	[168]
Candida parapsilosis	-	-	+	[168]
Candida tropicalis	-	-	+	[168,180]
Cronobacter sakazakii	-	-	+	[216]
Cryptococcus neoformans	-	-	+	[211]
Culvularia lunata	-	-	+	[195]
Epidermophyton floccosum	-	-	+	[211]
Fusarium culmonium	+	-	-	[96]
Fusarium oxysporium	+	-	+	[96,202]
Fusarium solani	+	-	+	[96,195,204]
Microsporum canis	-	-	+	[204,211]
Myrothecium verrucaria	-	-	+	[212]
Penicillium chrysogenum	+	-	-	[96]
Pleurotus ostreatus	-	-	+	[185]
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus	-	-	+	[185]
Rhizoctonia bataicola	-	-	+	[195,203]
Rhizoctonia solani	-	-	+	[213]
Rhizopus stolonifer	-	-	+	[203]
Saccharomyces cerevisiae	+	-	+	[103,104,169,217]
Torulopsis pintolopesii	-	-	+	[215]
Trichoderma viride	-	-	+	[212]
Trichophyton longifusus	-	-	+	[204]
Trichophyton mentagrophytes	-	+	+	[113,114,194,212]
Tricophyton rubrum	-	+	+	[113,211]
Tricophyton schoenleinii	-	-	+	[194]
Virus
Avian influenza	-	+	+	[111,205]
Adenovirus type 1	+	+	-	[99,218]
Bacteriophages	-	-	+	[219-223]
Coxsackie virus types B2 and B4	+	-	-	[218]
Cytomegalovirus	-	+	-	[99]
Echovirus 4	+	-	-	[218]
Herpes simplex virus	-	-	+	[219,220]
Human immunodeficiency virus	-	+	+	[99,108,110,224]
Infectious bronchitis virus	-	-	+	[225]
Influenza A	+	+	-	[99,111,135]
Junin virus	-	-	+	[220]
Measles	-	+	-	[99]
Parainfluenza 3	-	+	-	[99]
Poliovirus	+	-	+	[222,226]
Pichinde	-	+	-	[99]
Punta Toro	-	+	-	[99]
Respiratory syncytial virus	-	+	-	[99]
Rhinovirus 2	-	+	-	[99]
Simian rotavirus SA11	+	-	-	[218]
Vaccinia	-	+	-	[99]
West nile virus	-	+	-	[108]
Yellow fever	-	+	-	[99]

¹Tested also against antibiotic resistant pathogens;

²Unpublished data.